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JOURNAL.
of the
Straits Branch
of the
Royal Asiatic Society
For the Year I91%.
Part 75. Proceedings pp. i—xxxvi; Journal pp. 1—54, published Avon en, B91. Part 76. Journal pp. 55—168, published August 30th, 1917.
Part 77. Journal pp. 169—2%6 with title page, published De- cember 29th, 1917.
SINGAPORE : PRINTED AT THE METHODIST PUBLISHING HOUSE 1917.
ERRATA.
p. ill. transpose the words Librarian and Treasurer.
p. 158, under the two illustrations for Abdul Rawi read Abdul Rani, and under the right hand figure for 898 read 878.
CONTRIBUTORS.
BLaGpEN, C .O. Memorandum on the Aborigines in the Jasin District of Malacca, dated 1892
BurKILL, I. H. A note upon the way in which Bees settle on
the Flowers of Derris thyrsiflora and the injury re-
sulting from their search for Honey . Elaeocarpus Barnardu, a new species feched from Beri Gordona Re Notes on Dipterocarps,
No. 1. The Seedling of Anzsoptera costata, Korth.
No. 2. The Seedling and the Seed-production in some species of Shorea
Plethiandra Sahebu, a new Melastomacea fon Satawale described
CAMPBELL, J. ARGYLL, Diet, Nive torn me Eeeion of he Asiatic Races in Singapore
Dussex, O. T. Speech at the Ceremonial Haeeneune of a young child
Merrityt, E. D. Alabastra borneensia .. fe ononon to our knowledge of the Talons of Bornes
RipitEy, H. N., c.M.c., F.R.s. Lasianthus barbellatus, a new species from Pulau Tiuman, Pahang
New and rare Malayan Plants, series ix On the scientific Exploration of the Peninsula su STRICKLAND, C., M. A., B. C. A curious adaptation of habit to its environment of a Malayan mosquito Winstepr, R. O. A rice ceremony Brandstetter’s Indonesian Linguistics Changes in Malay reduplicated words Folated Pattern in Malay Carving and Silv etoul Hindustani Loan words in Malay Lexicographical Coincidences in Khasi and Malay Malay Nursery Rhymes it . Place-names in the Hikayat Pasai .. Rules in Malay Chess Sif a - Some rare words, kutaha; nakas; turap; teterapan; ee biram ; ganteh : Seri Menanti ie
The advent of Muhammadanism in the Malay ames and Archipelago
The Folk-tales of Indonesia and inaae lire The Malay Rice cycle a The Teaching of Malay in Europe ..
The flags of the Malay Peninsula
| Finst part, for the year oe ae Price to non-members
TAT eT nr AR ager oie Wn aides
: oo as BRANCH _ ASIATIC SOCIETY, |
f 1 :
oe 7 April, 1917." SEP. i a ae A Ae A IRAN oo Suit
Sp ifenal Mase Vi , Leen .
oo
rae ah
“Sold. at the Society's s Rooms, Refties | Museum, Singapore, ath : es “tleseng) Wintan Wasnry & Son : ee 7) 82, Bssnx oe STRAND, 5) a x ay) 2
i : oar ed Vi ie \
[No. 75]
JOURNAL
of the
Straits Branch
of the
Royal Asiatic Society
April, 1917 — -<insonlan insipn foe 2 ie.
/e3 —— : apa
Sere &
i
Me ee
“On Pig ee
SINGAPORE ;
PRINTED AT THE METHODIST PUBLISHING HOUSE 1917
LHE
STRAITS BRANCH
OF THE
ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY
Council for 1917.
Hon: C. J. SAUNDERS President.
W. MAKEPEACE, Esq. » - Vice-President for Singapore,
Lievt.-Cou. THE Hon. A. R. ADAMS Vice-President for Penang.
Hon. A. H. Lemon” - - - Vice-President for F. M. 8. Eee: Burkinn, Hse. -- = - Hon. Secretary. Dr. R. HANitTscH - - - Hon, Inbrarian. ©) BAZELE, Pso.-- = - - Hon. Treasurer.
ProFessor J. ARGYLL CAMPBELL
Hon. H. MaArriorr - - Capt. J. C. Mouton - = Councillors.
H. Ropinson, Esq. - -
PROCEEDINGS of the
Annual General Meeting.
Minutes of the Annual General Meeting of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, held at the Society’s rooms in the Raffles Museum, at 5 p.m. on Tuesday, February 27th, 1917.
PrESENT :—Hon. C. J. Saunders, President, in the Chair, Rev. A. J. Amery, Messrs. C. Bazell and A. W. Bean, Professor J: Argyll Campbell, Captain A. R. Chancellor, Drs. J. A. R. Glennie, J. M. Handy and R. Hanitsch, Mr. W. Makepeace, Hon. H. Marriott, Rev. W. Murray, Messrs. Ong Boon Tat, H. Robinson, See Tiong Wah and 8S. G. Willams, Dr. R. van Beuningen van Helsdingen, Messrs. H. N. Ridley, and I. H. Burkill (Hon. Secre- tary) : also several visitors.
The minutes of the meeting of February 10th, 1916, were read and confirmed.
The Annual Report and Statement of Accounts which had been circulated in print were accepted on the motion of Mr. H. Robin- son, seconded by Dr. J. A. R. Glennie.
The Hon. C. J. Saunders moved, and the Hon. H. Marriott seconded that, as recommended by the retiring Council, Dr. D. J. ralloway, a past-president, be elected an Honorary Member on account of his notable service to the Society. Dr. Galloway was elected an Honorary Member upon a show of hands.
The Hon. Treasurer explained that the Council had deter- mined to place two thousand two hundred dollars ($2,200) from the Society’s reserve funds into the Colonial War Loan and to earmark the interest therefrom for use in connection with the Library.
The following were elected consecutively office-bearers for 1917 :—
Hon. C. J. Saunders me President.
Mr. W. Makepeace oy Vice-President for Singapore. Hon. A. R. Adams ae Vice-President for Penang.
Hon. A. H. Lemon ce Vice-President for the F. M. S. Nie Eo Burkill a Hon. Secretary.
Dr. R. Hanitsch ats Hon. Treasurer.
Mir. ©. Bazeth — re Hon. Librarian.
vil PROCEEDINGS.
A ballot was next taken for the election of four Councillors.
On the motion of Dr. J. A. R. Glennie, seconded by Captain A. R. Chancellor the meeting returned a vote of thanks to the re- tiring Council, :
The President asked Mr. H. N. Ridley to give an address on the subject of the Scientific Exploration of the Malay Peninsula, while the result of the ballot for councillors was being ascertained. Mr. Ridley spoke as recorded in the Society’s Proceedings :* and a discussion followed upon the-means by which further work might be encouraged.
The President proposed a vote of thanks to Mr. Ridley for his address, which was accorded: and he announced that as the result of the ballot the Hon. H. Marriott, Captain J. C. Moulton and Mr. H. Robinson had been elected Councillors, that Dr. W. G. Shellabear and Professor Argyll Campbell had received an equal number of votes for the fourth place and that five other members had received votes. He suggested that as Dr. Shellabear had not returned to the Colony and as the date of his return appears un- certain, Professor Argyll Campbell should be asked to serve. On a show of hands this proposal was adopted.
* pp. vii—xi.
The Scientific Exploration of the Peninsula.
An address at the General Meeting of February 27th, 1917.
By H. N. RIDiry, F.R.S., C.M.G.
The Object of the Scientific exploration of a country is to get a clear systematized knowledge of the Fauna, Flora, Bthnology, Authropology and Geology of the country,—in fact of the whole of the Natural History of the area,—and to publish it in such form that it may be accessible to everyone.
To get a clear idea of the whole of Nature, its origin ana development, it is not sufficient to study one group alone: for all the various sections of Natural Science have a more or less close relationship with each other; and before we can come to any satis- factory deductions from the facts in one part of the subject, we must know or be easily able to find out the stories of the other parts.
In the early days of the development of a Colony, such as ours, the study of Natural History is usually commenced by a few Amateur Naturalists, who collect specimens and observations on all branches of the subject. Later we get a few to take up special groups or subjects, individually ; for it is nor possible for any one man in a lifetime to study every group in detail in so rich an area as a tropical region.
Later still a Museum or Museums are formed, with scientific men attached who, assisted at least by the Government, are abie to devote their time to collecting and preserving specimens, as well as recording observations and data, and storing the specimens in the Museums for reference, and publishing the information obtained in reports or publications. And here comes in the great value to the world of such societies as ours which record facts of Natural history, the geography of the country, and all that belongs to a complete knowledge of the country we live in.
Now in the beginning of these researches we find that certain groups of animals are more popular than others, such as birds and butterflies, and we therefore find a larger number of collectors of these animals, and consequently we get sooner a good knowledge of these groups than we do of say beetles or molluscs; and we require a number of collectors and students of these more dif- ficult groups to collect. In many of the country Natural. History Societies at home the members contrive to get one or other of
viii THE SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATION OF THE PENINSULA.
their numbers to take up a single group and devote himself to collecting that group, assisted of course by others who send him any specimens they chance upon. I do not know how far some such system could be adopted here, but there are many of our mem- bers living in distant parts -of the country who could materially help by catching and sending insects or other such easily collected animals to the various naturalists who in this country are studying them.
When I first arrived in this country in 1889, large areas of forest and mountain, now easily reached by train and motor car, were only accessible by long and difficult marches, and the few naturalists in the country found it impossible to get to these re- mote spots in the time and with the funds at their disposal. But the rapid development of agriculture of late years has resulted in the increased accessibility ‘and in the settling of Europeans in parts of the Peninsula at that time out of Week Many of these Europeans would assist in collecting if shown the way, I am sure, and indeed I have great cause to be grateful to very many who in the course of my wanderings into their districts have given me the greatest assistance in collecting plants.
But the wide developments of agriculture of late years has not been, alas, all to the advantage of the Naturalist, for the felling and burning of the forest has caused the disappearance of many plants and probably many insects and other animals; and as this work is still continuing, it becomes of more and more importance to save specimens (which is all we can do) of the vanishing flora and fauna, ere they become as extinct as Dodos.
I would now like to run over the various branches of Natural Science and see how far we have progressed towards a systematic investigation and record of the separate groups as far as regards this country.
In Zoology we have already published the account of the Reptiles and Batrachia by Boulenger, and I understand the works on the Mammals and Birds are nearly complete. These have been done by the zoologists of the Federated Malay States Museum.
In fishes we have an account of those of fresh-water by Dunck, a Naturalist who was here some years ago. In Marine fish we have no separate work; but those of our seas have been mentioned in works by Bleeker and Weber, dealing with the fishes generally of the Indian and Malayan Seas.
A complete separate account of those occurring In our own waters is required.
On Molluscs papers have been written by De Morgan.
Of Insects Butterflies have been well done many years ago by Distant in the well known book Rhopalocera Malayana but of course there have been since then many additions “= corrections made.
THE SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATION OF THE PENINSULA. 1x
The Cockroaches have been well described and figured by Dr. Hanitsch in our journal lately and I believe the Mosqwitos are pretty well known.
But of the rest of the insect fauna we have only scattered papers and descriptions in journals and other works which are often inaccessible to the local student and in any case entail a lot of work in searching among descriptions of species from all manner of countries to find the ones recorded from the Malay Peninsula.
The same state of affairs rules also in nearly all the other groups of invertebrates from centipedes, and spiders to Corals and Marine organisms generally. It would be highly desirable to collect all the notes and descriptions of the various eroups applying to the Malay Peninsula, and put them together and publish them in an accessible form so that we might have an idea of what amount of knowledge on these animals had been obtained already and form a base for further work.
In Botany, at least that of flowering plants and ferns, pro- eress is being made as fast as possible. Before my arrival in the East in 1889, it was proposed by the F. M. 8. Government to publish a flora based on the plants collected by Kunstler, Scorte- ehini and Wray in Perak, Sir Cecil Clementi-Smith very wisely urged that the flora should not be confined to these collections, which were practically limited to the Perak mountains; but that a flora of the whole of the Malay Peninsula should be taken in hand.
The work was to be done by Dr. King and Sir Joseph Hooker: the number of plants known or collected in the Peninsula at that date was small; and King arranged to publish a preliminary series of papers known as the Materials for a Flora of the Malay Penin- sula in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. This took many years; and in fact 2 orders Huphorbiaceae and Urticaceae are not yet published. In the meantime extensive collections were made all over the Peninsula and the work got fuller and fuller as it went on. Sir George King died some years ago and Mr. Gamble, and Major Gage of the Calcutta Gardens continued the Materials, while I did the Monocotyledons and some other orders. J am now engaged in re-writing the whole flora, to be published as soon as may be in book form, condensed and largely revised and added to, so that the public may in a few years, I hope, possess a work in a few volumes so written and illustrated that they will have no diffi- culty in identifying any plants that they may meet with. The work will take some time as there are known between 8,000 and 9,000 species; and all that have been already described will have to be checked over and carefully re-examined. However the greater part of the Polypetalae and Monocotyledons are already ‘shed. and I hope in a few years to complete the work.
The @ellular plants,—Mosses, Lichens, Fungi and Algae, have not been entirely neglected; but such as have been described have been published in scattered papers in various journals; and there
xX: THE SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATION OF THE PENINSULA.
is a large field for work both in collecting and investigating in these groups.
Considering the importance of tin and other minerals to the Peninsula, it seems remarkable that so long a period elapsed be- fore any attempt was made to study the Geology.of the country. Practically nothing of importance was published till the arrival of Mr. Scrivenor. Logan in Logan’s journal published indeed some papers on the rocks of Singapore, but he was no geologist and the work was extraordinarily erroneous.
We have now at least several extremely valuable papers by Mr. Scrivenor; and we shall hope for many more such researches as he has made.
Ethnology and Anthropology we are well advanced in, thanks to the works of Skeat, Wilkinson, Robinson and many others.
But there is one branch of Natural Science which has been curiously neglected, that of Meteorology. It is true that rainfall readings have been taken and published for many years in some parts of the Peninsula; but the returns are in many cases I fear dubious; and in the earlier days of Singapore when the returns would have been exceptionally valuable, as showing us if there had been any change in the climate at all, there are so far as I know no records. The late Mr. Knight was the only person I know of, who took an interest in the subject at all. Unfortunately he published little; but he may have left notes behind him which would be worth preserving, if they could be obtained by the Society. It would be very desirable if some member of the society would take up the subject of the meteorology of the Malay Peninsula collect- ing and utilizing such returns and reports published during the last 50 years. The subject is one of much interest and importance.
When I arrived in Singapore in 1889, the greater part of the Peninsula was still a blank as regards } Natural History research, the few Naturalists we had then, had eal been able to collect in a few of the accessible parts such as Singapore, Malacca, Penang and parts of Perak. Even the geography of the Peninsula was very far from complete as may be seen by referring to our first editions of the Map, and even now large areas of the centre and East coast have not yet been visited by any Naturalists. When this is done without doubt very many more new species will be collected in almost every group.
Taking Botany again as a sample of how far we have collect- ed specimens of all our flowering plants, I may say that by far the largest number of the plants of the low country are now well known, and it is not easy to get big additions of novelties in the low lands of etiher coast, and that thanks very largely to Messrs. tobinson and Kloss who have greatly added to our knowledge of the botany of the highest accessible mountains we have obtained the greater part of the flora of above 4,000 feet elevation. This does not mean that we know all the plants in our forests. It is
THE SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATION OF THE PENINSULA. Xl
a poor collecting trip still which does not yield some novelties even in the low country. But we have in our 9,000 known species a very large proportion of the flora, and enough to base at least some deductions as to the origin and history of the flora of the Peninsula.
We have practically a sample collection, not a complete one.
The same thing applies, I take it, to most of the zoological groups; but I believe that I shall not be w rong in stating that in Mammals. birds, reptiles and batrachians and “butterflies we have now an almost absolutely complete knowledge of the species. The number of novelties to be added is probably small. Further explorations in out of the way localities will probably yield im- portant results in most groups. We have not enough naturalists to get over the whole ground in a short time so that the residents in these distant parts may often be able to assist In sending specimens to our museums of insects or plants or other such things that they may accidentally come across. As an example I may mention that of two new kinds of bats which some years ago I accidentally ob- tained I believe that neither have ever been caught again.
I have now I think given some idea of the progress in Natural History that we have made here in the past quarter of a century. It is very considerable; but a great deal remains to be done. The Society by its Journal and by indirectly and directly interesting residents in the knowledge of the Natural History of the Peninsula has played an important part in this work, and I trust that it may continue to do the same for very many years to come.
ANNUAL REPORT
of the Straits Branch, Royal Asiatic Society for 1916.
On November the 4th the Society entered upon its fortieth year, having the name of one founder and of two who joined in the first year, still on the Member lst,-the Right Rev. Bishop Hose, the Hon. Datoh Mahomed bin Mahbob of Johore, and the Ven. Archdeacon J. Perham of Chard, Somerset. The rules under which the Society works have been little altered since they were passed at the general meeting of January 21st, 1878. On -uly 15th of the same year, the Society having 142 members, issued its first Journal and in December a second, making the year’s output 166 pages. The Society stands, this day, with 297 names on the mem- ber list.
The number of pages in the Journal of the year under review was 308. ‘The average for the thirty-nine completed years of publishing has been 305.
The Society in the first year of its existence met frequently for the reading of papers: but it was found impossible to main- - tain these meetings: and when the practice fell into disuse, it became necessary to vest in the Council powers which councils of Societies rarely possess, asking the members to meet but once a year to regulate their affairs, by the election of a new council and by the ratifying of the proceedings of the retiring body. The arrangement’tends to create an aloofness on the part of the mem- bers which the Council has been most anxious to dispel: and with that intention in 1915 two steps were taken: in the first place an offer was gratefully accepted from a member, Mrs. Legrew Watkins, that at the annual meeting she would exhibit her collection of ob- jects used by the Ainus of Japan; and in the second place it was arranged that the Journal should appear oftener, if possible, than twice a year. The attendance at the last annual meeting was grati- fying and Mrs. Legrew Watkins’ exhibit most interesting. The Journal, which had appeared thrice in 1915, has appeared again thrice in 1916.
The Journal is now paged into an annual volume, and has been issued complete for 1916, with title page and index. It contained xxx + 328 pages, with six plates and two line blocks in the text. Its cost to the Society was $1,217.66 or 58% of the Society’s income.
Xlv
Of the income a further 22% was absorbed by salaries, sta- tionery, postages, and other small charges essential to the running of the Society’s office, leaving only 20% for the purchase of books, furniture, and for unusual causes of expense. A larger member- hist, meaning a larger income, is desirable.
Also a larger inflow from members of short papers for publi- cation is desirable.
The Hon. Treasurer’s balance sheets for the last and the pre- ceeding four years show the following figures :—
19a 1913 1914 1915 1916
By member’s sub-
scriptions iclud-
ing life-members 1,356.08 1,195.00 1,293.68 1,329.68 1,110.00 By sales of Journals 503.13 542.41 425.96 175.98 - 478.26 By sales of Maps 3,274.80 565.20 513.60 292.00 446.15 By investments 189.92 125.49 86.48 385.75 250.40
Nearly half of the receipts in 1916 by sales of parts of the Journal came from the Hikayat Sri Rama, of which 51 copies were taken.
The Society’s invested funds are less than a year ago by $1,500, in consequence of withdrawals from fixed deposit to meet the cost of printing the Hikayat.
The price of printing has unfortunately been raised against the Society: but this, it is trusted, will be but temporarily.
The Council has no new undertakings to record. The rule which lays it down that the object of the Society is to increase and to diffuse knowledge concerning British Malaya and the neighbour- ing countries has been strictly observed. One of the papers in the Journal treats of the Malay language, five of the History of the ~ Peninsula, one of Malay customs, two of Malay plants, one of the action of a Malay poison, and two of Malay zoology. It may be recalled that the inception of the Society occurred just when the interior of the Peninsula was opened to exploration and many ac- counts of Journeys reached it; but such papers are rarer now. There were none in the Journal for 1916.
It has been stated above that the member lst carries 297 names: that 1s the same as the last published list carried. By death the Society has lost two Honorary members, Sir Cecil Clementi Smith and Mr. A. Knight: and two, who were members, have lost their lives at the front in France—Messrs. H. E. Penning- ton, and P. Gold.
The Council elected during the year the following as members:
Mr: H .W:. Bord; Mr. J. W. Cundell Ellis, Prof. J. Argyll Campbell, Mr. A. Rogers, Mr. J. G. Watson, Mr. G. B. Kellagher,
Mr, Shiva Prasad Gupta, Mr. Ong Boon Tat,
XV
Mr. L. Rayman. Mr. G. F. C. Woollett. Mrs. Legrew Watkins. Mr. H. C. Abraham. Mr. Frank H. Myers. Mi SE ELS Barnes! Mr. W. KE. Mann. Mr. W. G, Stirling, Mr. EH. Stuart Young. Rev. William Cross.
Mr. Arthur Mitchell Goodman. Mr. R. Balfour Blair.
His Highness, the Raja Muda, of Sarawak, was elected an Honorary member at the last Annual meeting.
Council. During the year Dr. R. D. Keith resigned from the Council, and in his place Captain J. C. Moulton was co-opted. The office of Vice-President, Singapore, fell vacant by the departure of the Hon. W. G. Maxwell from the Colony, but was not filled.
Library. The following books have been added to the library in addition to the serials received as exchanges :—
Brandstetter, R., An introduction to Indonesian languages, translated by C. O. Blagden ..
Hale, A., The adventures of John Smith in Malaya, 1600- 1605 : ee ee
Shellabear, W. G., An Tiacieneieies didnot
Skeat, W. W., Malay Magic an se Le a
Posewitz, Theodor, Borneo, its Geology and Mineral Re- sources ay
Furness, W. H., Boletos in Borneo oe
Swettenham, Sif F., British Malaya Getenied by H. Ronn son Hsq.) :
A Set ve “ Papers on Walay Siew paler by he
~ WLS Sie (GrOnke (presented oye Jeloim, Ona). ee
Pho. R. J., Malay Beliefs ie
Winstedt, R., i English-Malay Dictiona.
The Ramayana, translated by Manmatha Nath Dat
Kitab Gemala Hikmat a i er if] Pelayaran Abdullah .. ae x at sell Hikayat Hang Tuah .. a ae ma Hikayat Abdullah ie | Hikayat Awang Sulong Merah Muda | Cherita J enaka Ss ie re ce = Hikayat Malim Dewa “e , ae ..+ Malay texts Hikayat Malim Deman ae Hal :
Sejarah Melayu
Hikayat Raja Muda ..
Hikayat Angeun Che’ Tung val Pantun Melayu a a Hikayat Pelandok .. a =
Se
Xv
Skeat, W. W., and Blagden, C. O., Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula (presented by the Hon. H. me
McNair, J. F. A., Prisoners their own warders
Baring Gould, 8., History of Sarawak
St. John, 8., Earlier adventures of a Naval Officer . :
Hubback, T, R., Elephant and Sladang in Malaya .. |
Cowie, A., English, Sulu, and Malay vocabulary aa
Keppel, H., A visit to the Indian Archipelago aM
Davies, R. D., Siam in the Malay Peninsula .. | Presented by
Ross, J. D., The Capital of a little empire 8 1e Singapore —
Read, T. ee 2 Across the Equator .. Free Press. -
Batten, G. G., Glimpses of the Eastern Archipelago |
Maryatt, if, Bornes and the Indian ode ral
Hudson, H. = , Malay Orthography . oT
Boys, H. 5. Some notes on Java ..
Fokker, A. A., Tidong dialects of Borneo =|
Van Daventer, M. L., Daendels-Raffles
It has been decided not to print the index to ae Pantuns which Mr. H. Overbeck prepared and made over to the Society: and as it was considered inadequate by itself the Hon, H. Marriott has prepared another which he has presented to the Society, so that both may be preserved in the hbrary together. Mr. Overbeck’s index is by the third hne, but Mr. Marriott’s by the leading words. The Council’s intention in preserving these is that members who interest themselves in the collection of Pantuns may easily ascertain whether such as they meet with are published or unpublished; and they consider that unpublished pantuns might well find a place in the Society’s Journal.
I. Henry BurRKILL,
Hon. Secretary.
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List of Members for 1917.
*Life Members. + Honorary Members.
Patron His Excellency Sir ArtHur YounG, G.c.M.c. Governor of the Straits Settlements and High Commissioner for
Date of election.
ibs) Olenay = AW 0ee Pie Semie. al Gel, 24 June, 1909.
— 1907. 14 -Decs = A910: 20 June. 1910: 22 March, 1917. 22 March, 1917: 10 March, 1909. ( Mebs e910: it Reb. trois: 3 May, 1914. ve Marehy loi, 24 June, 1909. 16 Feb., 1914.
— 1907. Boeetey,> sel Olatt
— 1890. T2-Oet a9 1A. ot Oct: 1908. 4 June, 1908. &. May, . 1915. t t'eb,,. 1015,
the Malay States.
Axsport, Dr. W. L.. 400 South 15th Street. Phila- delphia, U. S. A.
ABRAHAM, H. C. Survey Dept., Kuala Lumpur.
ADAM, Frank, The Straits Trading Co., Singa- pore. :
ApAms, Lieut.-Col., the Hon. A. R. Messrs. Adams and Allan, Penang | Vice-President, TOO IO
ApAms, H. A. Superintendent, of Police and Prisons, Kuching, Sarawak.
ApAms, H. Powys, Imber Cross, Thames Ditton, Surrey, England.
ApAms, Dr. J. W., Moulmein Road Hospital, Singapore.
ApAMs, R. H., c/o Messrs. Topham, Jones and Railton, Ltd., Singapore.
Apams, T. 8S. District Officer, Kuala Krai, Kelantan.
AuLpwortH, J. R. O. Kuala Lumpur.
ALLEN, Rev. George Dexter, Singapore.
ALLEN, H. C. W., c/o Messrs. Boustead & Co., Singapore.
ALLEN, P. T., Chinese Protectorate, Singapore.
ALLEN, Rowland, Beacon Hall, North Cranbrook, Kent, England.
Amery, Rev. A. J. Victoria Bridge School, Singapore.
ANDERSON, E. Messrs. Mansfield and Co., Singa- pore. ;
Anperson, J. W., Hendra Estate, Sungkai, Perak,
AntHonisz, J. O., C.M.G.° England: (aioe Treasurer, 1894-1896: Vice President 1913).
Armstrong, W. R., L. L. D.; D: -C. Li, Messrs Logan and Ross, Penang.
Arruur, J. S. W., Assistant Adviser, Kedah.
*AynreE, C. F. C. High School, Malacca.
Bappetey, F. M., Postmaster General, Singapore,
Barn, Norman K, Kuala Langkat.
20
Or
May,
June,
Nov., Jan.,
June,
May, July,
June,
als,
June,
Feb., Aug.,
Feb.,
Sept.,
April,
Jan.,
WOM:
1909.
1916. 1899.
1904. 1910. 1914. 1909. 1910. 1913. 1910. 1912. 1885.
1908. 1890.
Osis
MEMBERS FOR 1917. x1x
Baker, A, C., c/o W. Evans, Esq: The Limes, Crowmarsh near Waltingford, Berks, England. (Hon. Librarian 1912-1913).
Banks, C. W. c/o Messrs. John Little & Co., Singapore.
Banks, H. H., Sanitary Board, Seremban.
*BANKS, J. EH., c/o the American Bridge Co. Ambrace: teas UES, AG
Barruett, R. J., Inspector of Schools, Singapore.
BartTLey, W., Civil Service, Singapore.
BAZEULL, @ Raffles Institution, Singapore. (ion. rbrariane 19 16— 17 re
Bean, A: W., c/o Messrs: Robinson & Co., Singapore.
Beatry, D. Tavoy, Burma.
Bet, V. G., Forest Department, Kuala Lumpur.
* BERKELEY, H., F. M. 8. Civil Service.
BICKNELL, J. W., c/o General Rubber Co., Medan, Sumatra.
BICKNELL, W. A., Nork. House, 4 Harls Road, Bournemouth, W., England.
=Dismop. Major ©. Hk. A. * BLAGDEN, . OF India Office Library, Whitehall, London, . W. (Hon. Secretary, 1896).
Barr, R. ee Sungei Talam Estate, Kuan- tan, Pahang.
BrEAND, R. N., C: M. G. Broadfields, Letch- worth, Herts, England. (Council, 1898-1900: Vice-President, 1907—1909).
Buuett, H. A. Newton, Lebong Loetit, Ben- koelen, Sumatra; or Oaklea, Chaucer Road, Bedford, England.
Bout, F. F., Bintulu, Sarawak.
Boupy sl) she c/o Mecsrss Boustead &, Co.,
Singapore.
Boyp-WaALKER, J. W., Atbara Estate, Kuantan, Pahang.
BraDDELL, R. St. J., Messrs. Braddell Bros., Singapore.
Brison, Clifford S., 32 Archfield Road, Cotham, Bristol, England.
Brockman, Sir Edward L., K.C.M.G., Kuala
- Lumpur.
Brooke, J. R., Government Monopolies Depart- ment, Keppel Harbour, Singapore.
Brooks, C. J. Lebong Tandai, Benkoelen, Sumatra.
Sept., 1909. Pea AON:
A) asses TOO:
Deep 1 9ioe March, 1887.
Oct., 1912.
Petes iG. Jame, 7 el Siro,
Feb., 1914.
am. 909:
dai OO: ding, — OOS, Deex 19s: March, 1911. lel uals Mareh, 1917.
Jane, Woi3."
Jan., 1894,
March, 1897.
Jan., - 1899; — 1910. March, 1917. Hebs 9 pare, eae. Jans, 2 1900:
March, 1917.
sate L008; May, 1910. ouly.. 189. Jan. 2910,
MEMBERS FOR 1917.
Brown, A. V., Johore.
Brown, C. C., F. M. 8. Civil Service, Kuala Lumpur.
Brown, D,. A. M., Messrs. Brown, Phillips and Stewart, Penang.
*Bryan, J. M., Kuching, Sarawak.
Bryane- Hon. A: “T, (Counal, 19077 ous Vice-President, 1912, 1914-1916).
Burnity, I. H., Botanic Gardens, Singapore. (Council, 1913: Hon. Secretary, 1914-1917).
*Catprecotr, Andrew, Secretariat, Kuala Lumpur.
CAMPBELL, Professor J. Argyll, M..D., D. Se. — Medical School, Singapore (Council, 1917).
Carpew, G. E., 3/4th Devon Depdt Battalion, Exmouth, Devon, England.
Carver, C. I., Messrs. Donaldson and Burkin- shaw, Singapore.
CHANCELLOR, Capt. A. R., Police Office, Singa- pore.
CHapmMan, W. T. Ipoh, Perak.
*CHOO Kira’ PENG, Kuala Lumpur.
Crayton, T. W., Temerloh, Pahang.
CremeEent, W. R. T., Sarawak. .
CuiFrorp, G. F. W., Kuala Pilah, Neon Sem- bilan.
CHULAN, Raja, bin Ex-Sultan Abdullah, Taiping. Perak.
{CottygrrR, W. R., I. S. O. Hackford Hall; Reep- ham, Norfolk, England. (Council 1904: Vice President, 1897-1900, 1902, 1904-1905: Hon. Member, 1906).
*ConLay, W. L., Kuala Lumpur.
Cook, Rev. J. A. B., Gilstead, Singapore.
Cook, Hon. W. Wallace, c/o The Straits Trading Co., Singapore.
Cricuton; K., The Secretariat, Singapore.
Cross, Rev. W. Cavanagh Road, Singapore.
CrossueE, Frank J., New Zealand Malay Rubber Co., Kota Bharu, Kelantan.
CroucHuer, Dr. F. B., General Hospital, Singa- pore.
Cupitt, G. HE. S., Conservator of Forests, 8. 8. and F. M. 8., Kuala Lumpur.
Danuas, Hon, F.-H. Sarawak.
Daty, M. D., Batu Gajah, Perak.
Dane, Dr. K., Penane:
DaARBISHIRE, Hon. C, W., c/o Messrs. Paterson Simons & Co., Singapore,
Nov., Jan.,
June, Jan.,
Jan.,
March, aan,
March, Feb.,
Sept., Oct.,
3) Bee Sept., March, May,
Jails Sept.,
June,
Jan.,
MEMBERS FOR 1917. XXi
190%. Dent, Dr. F. Government Analyst, Singapore.
1911. Derry, R., 57, Ennerdale Road, Kew Gardens, Surrey, England. |
1903, *DresHon, H. F., Southfield, Combe Down, Bath, England.
1897. Dickson, E. A., Grik, Upper Perak.
1905. Doucias, Hon. R. S. Baram, Sarawak.
1914. Duncan, W. Wallace, Assistant Censor, General Post Office, Penang.
1910. Dunman, W., Grove Estate, Tanjong Katong, Singapore.
1915. *DusseK, O. T., Malay College, Malacca.
S99 ponDs, Re ©. Hoo ML Se2-Cinil Service; Seremban.
1885. Ecerron, His Excellency Sir W., K. C. M. G., Government House, British Guiana.
1901. KuLcum, J. B., Singapore.
1910. Eumrton, H. B., F. M.S. Civil Service, Kuala Kangsar, Perak.
1909, Eurs, Sir Evelyn C., Messrs. Drew and Napier, Singapore.
1916, Enis, J. W. Cundell, F. M. 8S. Civil Service, Kuala Lumpur.
1910. Enern, L., Netherlands Trading Society, Batavia.
1913. -Ermen, C., Kuching, Sarawak.
1910. Evans, W., The Limes, Crowmarsh near Walling- ford, Berks, England.
1890. Evererr, H. H., Santubong, Sarawak.
1910. Fansaaw, Dr. P. S., Government Veterinary Department, Singapore.
1909. Farrer, R. J., Kota Bharu, Kelantan.
1912. FauuKner, Dr. 8. B. Christmas Island.
1911. *Frreuson-Davin, Rt. Rev. Dr. C. J., Bishop of Singapore (Council, 1912-1913).
1909. Ferrrimr, J..G., c/o Borneo Company, Soera- baya, Java.
1917. Finuayson, Dr. G., Singapore.
1910, Fiructonnm, “HH, W., Education Department, Singapore.
19002 humrmnes 2 Co arnt, “Warping. Perak:
1897. *FLower, Capt. 8. 8., Zoological Gardens, Ghizeh, Keypt.
1904. *Fitownr, Lieut.-Col. V. A., 42, Earls Court Square, London, 8. W. (Council 1905-1912).
1916. Forp, H. W., Municipal Offices, Malacca.
Xxli 19 Aug.,
DC wan, 14 Aug.,
20 Jan., 26 May, 8 Sept., ~8 May, 4 Jan.,
21 Sept., $8 March,
Za olen: 13 Jan.,
14 Sept.,
2 iam.
5 July, 5 May, Omen 12 April,
16 March,
11 Sept.,
June, Jan.,
rand) HX or
June,
1908.
189%. , . *Frost, Meapows, S. S. Civil Service.
1912.
Ong)
1903
1897
1903. . *GimueTTE, Dr, J. D., 5, Merton Road, Southsea, _
1902
ILD aKoy
LONG: NGOS.
1910. 1916.
oale
1900. 1886.
1907. 1914. Nghe 1915. Ole
1895.
ILO)
1904
1ESUGe
MEMBERS FOR 1917.
FREEMAN, D., 9, Court of. Justice, -—Kuala Lumpur.
Freer, Dr. G. D.
y)
GALLAGHER, W. J., General Rubber Co., Medan, Sumatra.
. {Gatuoway, Dr. D. J., British Dispensary, Singa-
pore. (Vice-President; 1906—1907 ; President, 1908—1913; Hon. Member, 1917).
. *GERINI, Lt.-Col. G. E.
Gipson, W. 8., High Court, Kedah.
England.
GLENNIE, Dr. J. A. R., Municipal Oitees Singapore.
GoopMAN, A. M., Ipoh, Perak.
Gounpine, R. R., Survey Department, Kuala — Lumpur.
Gray, N. T., Taiping, Perak.
Gupra, Sutva Prasap, Nandansahu Street, Benares City, United Provinces, India.
GRIFFITHS, J. Superintendent of Surveys, Johore Bahru.
7ELATINGS! clnevie amis
Haus, A., Dachurst, Hildenborough, Kent, England.
Haun, G. A., Alor Star, Kedah.
HAG JD) Bain Wakaie Jolene:
Hauirrax, F. J., Municipal Offices, Singapore.
Hamitton, A. W. H., Central Police Office, Penang.
Hanpy, Dr. J. M., St. Mary’s Dispensary, 75, Hill Street, Singapore.
Hanitscn, Dr. R., Raffles Museum, Singapore. (Council, 1897, 1907-1909: Hon. Treasurer, 1898-1906, 1910-1911, 1914-1916: Hon: Secre- tary, 1912-1913).
Harrineton, A. G., Municipal Offices, Singapore,
. “Haynes, A. S., Kuala Kangsar, Perak. 1909:
HENNIinGsS, W. G. Singapore.
Herwan, E. D., c/o Messrs. Boustead & Co., Singapore, :
c/o Messrs. Mansfield & Co.,
I
12
Oct.,
22 Nov., A founder, 1878
7 20 20
15 27
O99
13 723) rat 29
Oct., Oct.,
Oct., July,
Sele, NG.
Jan.,
Dee., June, J Ail.
Feb., May,
Bevis LONG: 1897. 1909.
Oct., Oct.,
Feb.., June, J alle, May,
rain, Jan..
1878. OA
IST . |Hosz, Rt. Rev. Bishop G. F., Wyke Vicarage,
MS OAe QO:
1909. 1907. Jali, = 19310),
1910. March, 1907.
1911. 1910. Oni: 1910. 1913. 1912. April, 1912.
OMG): OO:
Ie. 1906. OO? 1900.
MEMBERS FOR 1917. xxiii
Hit, HE. C., The Manor House. Normandy near Guildford, England.
Hoop-Brce, Hon. A., c/o Messrs. Guthrie and Co., Singapore.
Hoss, HE. 8., District Officer, Lower Perak.
Normandy near Guildford, England. (Vice- President, 1890-1892: President, 1894-1907).
Hoynck VAN PAPENDRECHT, P. C., 83, Antonie Duyckstraat, The Hague, Holland.
Hwpeicn, is ke sRertancs welepu, . Neor Sembilan. ;
Huenss, J. W. W., Temerloh, Pahang.
Houmrnreys, J. L., Trengganu.
Jackson, Col. H. M., c/o the Survey Depart- ment, Kuala Lumpur.
JAMES, Hon. F. S., C. M. G., Colonial Secretary, Singapore.
JAMIESON, Dr. T. Hill, 4 Bishop Street, Penang.
JANION, EH. M., c/o English, Scottish and Aus- tralian Bank, 38, Lombard Street, London, 1g (Or
JELF, A. §., Ipoh, Perak.
Jounson, B. G. H., Telok Anson.
JouNnson, Hon. H. 8. B., Limbang, via Labuan.
Jonnus, H. W., Kuantan, Pahang.
Jonus, S. W., Kuantan, Pahang.
Jones, Wyndham, Miri, Sarawak.
Jones, W. R., Geological Department, Batu Gajah, Perak.
KKAMARALZAMAN, Raja, bin Raja Mansur, Rembau.
KEHDING, Dr. 7
KerrH, Dr. R. D., Medical School, Singapore. (Council, 1911-1912, 1914-1916).
KELLAGHER, G. B., S. S. Civil Service, Singa- pore.
Kemp, W. Lowther, c/o Messrs. F. W. Barker and Co., Singapore.
Kemper, John Erskine, Kuala Kangsar, Perak.
Kinsrty, W. E., Forest House, Seremban.
iin, Dr. J), enane.
Koss, C. Boden, The Museum, Kuala Lumpur. (Council, 1904-1908).
XXiV 22 April, 1915. 26 March, 1907. ji Jan, 1902: 16 Feb., 1914. Dea = aoe 28 May, 1902. a mOCien en Ck IU GE 29 Sept., 1913. 22 March, 1917. 28 March, 1894. 30 May, 1890. Ney Anes, 9ilzy. 20 May, 1897. 2 sepia TOM. Be seni aS aNO). 16 Feb., 1914. 8 June, 1909. 22 Jan., 1896. Zyl) Bhi, SLES) I). Up) mince OK: a oume. 1909: 2a Pepin, wee 25 Feb., 1910. PA nly. O08. deer aco)? 21 April, 1904. 8 Sept. 1903. 15 April, 1908. 10> Melb, > 1916: 12 Feb., 1902. 24 June, 1909.
MEMBERS FOR 1917.
KnicHt, Valentine, Raffles Museum, Singapore.
IKXRIEKENBEEK, J. W., Taiping, Perak.
Larpiaw, G. M., Pekan, Pahang. |
LAMBOURNE, J., Castleton Estate, Telok Anson, Perak.
LaAvitLe, L. V. T., Balik Pulau, Penang.
+Lawes, Rev. W. G., Port Moresby, New Guinea.
LAWRENCE, A. E., Kuching, Sarawak.
Leicester, Dr. W. 8., Pekan, Pahang.
LempBercer, V. V., c/o United Engineers, Ltd., Singapore. -
bd
*LeMON, Hon. A. H., Seremban. (Vice-Presi-
dent, 1916-17). Lewis, J. E. A., B. A., 698, Harada Mura, Kobe, Japan. Lewton-Brain, L. Director of Agriculture, Kuala Lumpur. } ? Lim Boon Kene, Hon. Dr. M. D., c/o The Dis- pensary, Singapore.
Lim Cyene Law, Millview, Penang.
Luoyp, J. T., c/o Messrs. Powell and Co., Singapore.
Lorntg, J. Land Office, Singapore.
Low, H. A., c/o Messrs. Adamson, Gilfillan and Co., Penang.
LUERING, Prof. Dr. H. L. E., Wittelsbacher Allee, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Lupron, Harry, Bukit Mertajam, Province Wellesley. |
Lyons, Rey. E. S., 82, Isla de Remere, Manila.
McArrtuor, M. 8. H., Kuala Lumpur.
McCausutanp, C. F., Port Dicksun.
*MacFapyen, Eric, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor.
Mackray, W. H., Kuala Lumpur.
MacLean, L., Kuala Lumpur.
Mattomep, Hon. Datoh, bin Mahbob, Johor
Bahru, Johor.
MAKEPEACE, W., c/o Singapore Free Press, Singapore. (Council, 1914-1916: Hon. Libra- rian, 1910-1912: Hon. Treasurer, 1909; Vice- President, 1917).
Main, T. W., Cheng Estate, Malacca.
Mann, W. E., Hotel Pavillon, Samarang, Java.
Marriorr, Hon. H., The Treasury, Singapore. (Council, 1907-1908, 1910-1913, 1915-1917).
Marsu, F, E., Municipal Offices, Singapore.
ie May, 1909. od uly. 1907, 5 May, 1914. 18 June, 1903. oe Nov. 1903; ioe Dec., 1909. 16 Feb., 1914. 24 July, 1962. feeds 1910: eevsept., 1913: © Feb., 1910: 8 Sept., 1909. lOc 9 L915, 15 June, 1911. Maehepee L913. 10 Feb., 1916. 22 March, 1917. S sept., 1909. 25 Feb., 1910. 9 May, 1900. od san. 1906. G dam, “1901: 0 Feb., 1916. iewebe 1913. 2 Feb., 1914. eieOck. 1908: BU sOci4 17 1909: 22 March, 1917. 4 Jan., 1910. o May, 1914. — 1878,
MEMBERS FOR 1917. XXV
MarsHatu, Harold B., Bintang Estates, c/o Messrs. F. W. Barker & Co., Singapore.
*MARRINER, J. T., Kuantan, Pahang.
Martin, T. A., c/o Messrs. Kennedy and Co., Penang. ;
MAXWELL, Eric, Boulogne.
MAXWELL, W. George, C. M. G., Taiping. (Couneil, 1905, 1915: Vice-President, 1916).
May, C. G., Deputy Colonial Engineer, Penang.
Mrap, J. P.
Mituarp, H., c/o Messrs. Donaldson and Bur- kinshaw, Singapore.
Miter, T. C. B., Fairlie, Nassim Road, Singa- pore. |
Mo.utert, H. B., Tiroi P. O., Negri Sembilan.
Money, A. W. Kirle, Asiatic Petroleum Co., Kuala Lumpur, Selangor.
*Mountron, Capt. J. C., Fort Canning, Singapore.
*MUNDELL, H. D., c/o Messrs. Sisson and Delay, Singapore.
Monro, R. W., Morib, Selangor.
Murray, Rev. W., M. A., 1 Gilstead Road, Singapore,
Myers, Frank H., Asiatic Petroleum Co., Singa- pore.
Nacuez, Rev. J. S., M. A. Principal, Anglo- Chinese School, Singapore.
NarnHan, J. E., Raub, Pahang.
Niven, W. G., 11, Derby Crescent, Kelvinside, Glasgow, Great Britain.
Norman, Henry, Kelantan.
Nunn, B., Malacca.
O’May, J., Kuala Kangsar, Perak.
OnG Boon Tat, 29, South Canal Street, Singa- pore.
OverBeck, H., Trial Bay, N. 8S. W., Australia.
PANYARJUN, Samahu, The Royal State Railways Dept. Standard Gauge, 196, Hluang Road, Bangkok, Siam.
Parr, The Hon. C. W. C., Residency, Kuala Lipis, Pahane.
Pracock, W. Chinese Protectorate, Singapore.
Pars, R., c/o Messrs, F. W. Barker & Co.,
_ Singapore.
PEIRCE, R.
Prpys, W. E., Pasir Puteh, Kelantan.
{Prritam, the Ven. Archdeacon J. Chard, Somer- set, England,
XXVi MEMBERS FOR 1917.
3 June, 1909. PLumpron, M. E., c/o Messrs. Adamson Gil- fillan and Co., Singapore.
25 Feb. 1910. Prarr, E., The East India United Service Club, 16, St. James’ Square London, 8. W.
22 Jan., 1912. Price; William Robert, Bo Al] i. i) Seiten Moel, Chepstow, England.
22 March, 1906. Princum, KR. D., The-Y. M. C. A. Wnalldinneee
Singapore.
5 Oet., 1906. Pyxerr, Rev. G, FM 2. . Mission) ®gure Lumpur.
5 May,. 1915. acer, J. G.) Phlab Phila Jiai Road, Bamelons Siam.
10 Feb., 1916. Rayman, L. Assistant District Officer, Raub, Pahang.
o7- Jan., 1910. “Rem, Dr Abired, Rant Buntar 2” Jan., 1910. Rerp, Alex., c/o Messrs. McAlister and Co., Singapore. 20 Oct., 1909. RicHarps, D. 8. 15 June, 1911. Ruictarps, R. M., The Caledonia Hetate, Pra= vince Wellesley. 27 Jan. 1890, tRipnmy, H. N., C. M. G:, BF. K.-S.) 275 Cimber land Road, Kew Gardens, Surrey, England. (Council, 1894-1895: Hon. Secretary, 1890- 1893, 1897-1911: Hon. Member, 1912), 14 Sept. 1911, 2 hopurison, Geel: Wi 14 Aug., 1912. Ropmrtson, J., c/o Messrs. Guthrie and Co., Singapore. 16 March, 1911. Ropinson, H., c/o Messrs. Swan and Maclaren, Singapore. (Council, 1916-17). 1% March, 1904. Ropinson, H. C., The Museum, Kuala Lumpur. ( Vice- President, QOD 1913). 10 Feb., 1916. Rogrrs, A., Public Works Department, ‘Singa- pore. 22 Jan., 1896. .Rostapos, E., Gali Rubber state,” Wambey Pahang. (Council, 1901). 1 March, 1897. *Row1nanp, W. R., Pulau Bulang, via Singapore. 29 Sept., 1913. Runciman, Rey. W., M. A., B. D. ” April, 1909. Sanprrson, Mrs. R. — 1878. +Sarawak, His Highness The Raja of, Kuching, Sarawak. 10 Feb., 1916. tSarawak, His Highness The Raja Muda of, Kuching, Sarawak. — 1885. +Satow, Sir Ernest M., Beaumont, Ottery St. Mary, Devon, Ey oleme Jan., 1896. Saunprrs, Hon. C. J., Official peeere Singa- pore. (Vice President, 1910-1911, 1914-1915: President, 1916).
row
@
March, 1904.
Jani. Oct.,
c0) Jan.,
June,
March, 1917. 1909. 1912.
10 Nov.,
) May, Jan.,
Jan.,
June,
Nov.,
May, Jan., Jan., Feb
es)
May,
Sept., May,
Feb.,
asics
June, Jan.,
OO: 1906. March, 1888. eee orl, 1915,
1894.
OOo:
1910. 1910. 1910. 1909. 1910. 1910. 1910, 1917, 1915. 1941.
IO. March, 1917.
ISO, 1912.
1908. IIE,
MEMBERS FOR 1917. XXV1l1
ScHwase, EH. M., Cheras KHstate, Kajang, Selangor.
Scorr, R., District Court, Singapore.
SCRIVENOR, J. B., Batu Gajah, Perak.
PEA ANG SEAM, c/o. Chop Chia” Him, Singapore.
See Tiona Wan, c/o Hongkong and Shanghai Bank, Singapore.
SHELLABEAR, Rev. Dr. W. G., D. D. 805 Beau- mont Avenue, Govans, Maryland, U. 8. A. (Council, 1896-1901, 1904: Vice-President, 1Gilse lereasnckerm, WGN).
Sims, W. A., c/o Commercial Union Assurance Co., Singapore.
SHILLITOE, G., Kuantan, Pahang.
SKINNER, Capt. R. McK.
SMITH, Prof. Harrison W., Massachusetts In- stitution of Technology, Boston, Mass., U.S.A.
SONG ONG SrAna@, c/o Messrs. Aitken and Ong Siang, Singapore.
SPAKLER, H. Netherlands Embassy, New York, 1, Seee
sTCrarr, W. G., c/o Singapore Free Press, Singapore. (Council, 1889, 1901, 1903-1906).
STEADMAN, V. c/o Messrs. Swan and Maclaren, 5, Raffles Place, Singapore.
STEEDMAN, R. 8., Duff Development Co. Ltd., Kuala Tui, Kelantan.
STEVENS, K. A. c/o Messrs. Caldbeck, Mac- Gregor and Co., Singapore.
sTitt, A. W., c/o Straits Times, Singapore. (Council, 1914-1915).
STIRLING, W. G., Government Monopolies De- partment, Malacca.
STRICKLAND, Dr. C. Malaria Bureau, Kuala Lumpur.
pmuArT, He ALG. Alor Star; Wedah.
sTurrock, A. J., Batu Gajah, Perak.
Sumner, H. L. Inspector of Schools, Perak, Taiping.
SuNNeER, J. H., c/o The Straits Steamship Co., _ Singapore.
SwAYNn, J. C., Limbang, via Labuan, Sarawak.
Tan CHrne Locx, 59, Heeren Street, Malacca.
Tan J1Ak Kim, C. M. G., Panglima Prang, River Valley Road, Singapore.
XXVIll
16
10 14
Oo wo
10
June,
Nov.,
Aug.,
March, Jame Jan., Nov., Feb., May, June, June,
Sept., Sept.,
April, May,
> Feb., » April,
Nov.,
DOL
103: 1914. 188%,
1909: 1896.
OMG:
1916.
1916. LOO: 1907. LO.
1910;
ie
1s) eye sO) USE 1904. LOA: 1902. 1908. OMS
1916,
Lele
LOM: 1914.
LILO: 1916.
1904.
MEMBERS FOR 1917.
Taytor, Lt. Clarence J., 11th Battalion King’s Own Yorkshire Light Infantry.
THunper, M., Tekka Ltd., Gopeng, Perak.
Tracy, F. D., c/o The Standard Oil Co., Penang.
VAN BEUNINGEN VAN HeEtspincen, Dr. R., 484/2, Bukit Timah Road, Singapore. (Hon. Librarian, 1914-1915).
Warp, A. B., Semanggang, Sarawak. |
Watkins, A. J. W., c/o Messrs. Swan and Mac- laren, Singapore. Watkins, Mrs. Legrew, c/o Messrs. Watkins & Co., Singapore. 3 Watson, J. G., Forest Department, Kuala Lumpur.
Watson, Dr. Malcolm, Klang, Selangor.
WELD, F. J., Johore Bahru.
WetHaAM, H. c/o The Straits Echo, Penang.
WHARTON, 8S. 1., c/o The Singapore s@imis Singapore.
WHITEHEAD, C. B., Police Office, Butterworth, Province Wellesley.
WittramMs, F., Rose Cottage, St. Agnes, Corn- wall, England.
WiiiiaMs, R. B., Bau, Sarawak.
Witurams, 8. G. Municipal Offices, Singapore.
*\WINKELMANN, H. Malacca Street, Singapore.
WINsteEpT, R. O.
Wotrerstan, L.. EK. P., The Residency, Malacea,
Wotrr, EH. C. H., The Secretariat, Singapore.
* Woop, EK. G., Batu Gajah, Perak.
Woop, W. lL., Jin Jang Estate, Kepong, Selangor.
Wooiuett, G. F. C., Klagaw, Labuk and Sueut District, B. N. B.
Worstery-Taytor, F. E., c/o Messrs. Vade and Co., Singapore.
*WoRTHINGTON, A. F., Kuantan, Pahang.
Wytey, A. J., -Lebong Tandai, Benkoelen,. Sumatra.
WymopzeErr, A de.
Youne, E. Stuart, Kinarut Estate, via Jesselton. BN SB.
*YounaG, H. 8., Bau, Sarawak.
EXCHANGE LIS’. XIX
RecrIPrENtS of the Society’s PUBLICATIONS, not being MEMBers. (Exchanges with enemy countries, with Belgium and with the German Asiatic Society, Tokyo, being in suspense).
AMSTERDAM. Nederlandsch Dandie Genootschap, Domse- laerstraat, 19, Amsterdam, Netherlands, in exchange for that Society’s Tijdschrift.
AmstTERDAM. Joloniaal Instituut, Amsterdam (formerly of Haarlem), in exchange for that Institute’s publications.
Batrimore. The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, U. 8. A. in exchange for the University’s Circulars, Studies, and American Journal of Philology.
Banekox. The Vajeranana National Library, Bangkok, in ex- change, for the Library’s publications.
Baravia. Bataviaasch Genootschap van WKunsten en Weten- schappen, 1n exchange for that Society’s Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal Land- en Volkenkunde and other publica- tions.
Batavia. Mijnwezen in Nederlandsch-Indie, Batavia (Chef van het Mijnwezen), in exchange for the Jaarboek of the Department.
BerkeLey. University of California, Berkeley, Cal. U. 8. A. (Manager of the University Press), in exchange for the University’s “ Publications.”
Berwin. Gesellschaft ftir Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urge- schichte, Berlin 8. W., Ioniggratzer Strasse 120, in ex- change for the Zeitschrift fiir Ethnologie.
Berwin. Gesellschaft fir Erdkunde, 23, Wilhelmstrasse, Berlin, in exchange for that Society’s Zeitschrift.
Bompay. Royal Asiatic Society, Bombay Branch, Town Hall, Bombay, India, in exchange for the Branch’s Journal.
BREMEN. Geographische Gesellschaft, Bremen, in exchange for that Society’s Geographische Blatter.
BRUSSELS. Société Belge d’Etudes Coloniales, Rue de Stassart 34, Bruxelles, Belgium, in exchange for that Society’s Bulletin.
Catcutra. Geological Survey of India, Indian Museum, Caleutta (Director) for the Survey’s Records and Memoirs.
CuHicaco. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, U. S. A. in exchange for the Museums “ Publications.”
CotomsBo. Royal Asiatic Society, Colombo Branch, Colombo,
| Ceylon, in exchange for the Branch’s Journal.
GIESSEN. Oberhessische Gesellschaft fiir Natur und Heilunde,
: _ Giessen, Germany, in exchange for that Society’s Berichten.
Goa. The Government of the Portuguese Indies, Goa, India (O
Director, Imprensa National), in exchange for the J ournal
“Q Oriente Portugues.”
xxx EXCHANGE LIST.
Hambsurc. Hamburgische Wissenschafthchen Anstalten, in ex- change for the Jahrbuch.
Hanor. Ecole Francaise d’?Extréme Orient, Hanoi, Indo-China (Director), in exchange for the School’s Bulletin.
Hauue. Kaiserliche Leop.-Carol. Deutschen Akademie der Natur- forscher, Halle, Germany, in exchange for that Society’s Abhandlungen.
Hacvur. Koninkhjk Instituut voor de Taal, Land- en Volken- kunde van Ned.-Indie, van Galenstraat 14, ?S-Gravenhage, Netherlands, in exchange for that Society’s Bijdragen.
Havre. Societé de Geographie Commerciale du Havre, 131, Rue de Paris, le Havre, France, in exchange for that Society’s Bulletin.
Honotutv. Bernice Pauahii Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands, (Librarian) in exchange for the Museum’s Occa- sional Papers, and other publications.
Krew. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey, England, in exchange for official publications of the Gardens.
HeELSINGFORS. Finska Vetenskaps Societaten, Helsingfors, Fin- land, in exchange for the Society’s Bidrag till JXanne- dom, Acta and Oty ersigt.
KuaLtA Lumpur. The Selangor Museum, Kuala Lumpur, in ex- change for the Journal of the F. M. S. Museums.
KUALA KANGSAR. Committee for Malay Studies (pays for publi- cations).
Lanore. The Panjab Historical Society, The Museum, Lahore, Panjab, India, in exchange for that Society’s Journal.
Lincotn. University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, U. S. A. in exchange for that Univ ersity’s s publications.
Leipzig. Museum ftir Volkerkunde, Leipzig, Germany, in ex- change, for the Museum’s Jahrbuch.
Lisson. Sociedade de Geographia de Lisboa, Rue Eugenio dos Santos, Lisboa, Portugal, (Secretary), in exchange for the Society’s Bulletin.
Lonpon. Royal Anthropological Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 50, Great Russell Street, London, W. C. in ex- change for the Society’s Journal.
Lonpon. Royal Asiatic Society, 22, Albemarle Street, London, W. (Secretary) in exchange for the Society’s Journal.
LONDON. foval Colonial Institute, Northumberland Avenue, London, W. C. (Librarian) in exchange for “ United Empire.”
Mauacca. The Malacca Library, Malacca (pays for publications).
Manita. The Bureau of Science, Manila, (Director) in exchange for the Philippine Journal of Science.
EXCHANGE LIST. ¥XxXl
MARSEILLES. Société de Geographie et d’?Etudes Coloniales, Rue de Noailles 5, Marseille, France, in exchange for the Society’s Bulletin.
Mexico. Instituto Geologico de Mexico, Mexico City, in exchange for their Parergones and Boletin.
New York. American Philosophical Society, 104, South Fifth Street, New York, U. 8. A. in exchange for the Society’s Proceedings.
OrrawA. The Geological Survey, Department of Mines, Sussex Street, Ottawa, Canada (Librarian) in exchange for the Department’s publications.
PARIS. Société Asiatique de Paris, Rue Bonaparte, 28, Paris, in exchange for the Journal Asiatique.
Paris. Société de Geographie, 120, Boulevard St. Germain, Paris, in exchange for the Society’s Bulletin entitled “ La
. Geographie.”
Paris. Societé de Geographie Commerciale de Paris, 8, Rue de Tourron, Paris, in exchange for the Society’s Bulletin.
PHILADELPHIA. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, U. 8. A. (Secretary) im exchange for the Academy’s Proceedings.
Rome. Reale Societe Geografica, Via del Plebiscito, 102, Roma, Italy, in exchange for the Society’s Bolletino.
St. Louts. Academy of Natural Sciences, St. Louis, Mo., U.S. A. in exchange for the Society’s Transactions.
St. Louis. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Mo. U.S. A. (Director), in exchange for the Garden’s Annals. SARAWAK. The Sarawak Museum, Borneo, in exchange for the
Museum’s Journal. }
SimLa. Director-General of Archaeology, Simla, India, in ex- change for the Archaeological Survey’s publications.
Stneapore. The Raffles Museum, Singapore.
SHANGHAI. Royal Asiatic Society, N. China Branch, Shanghai, China, in exchange for the Society’s Journal.
SYDNEY. Royal Society of New South Wales, Elizabeth Street, Sydney, New South Wales, in exchange for the Society’s Proceedings.
Tokyo. Asiatic Society of Japan, 6, Babasaki, Kojimachi, Tokyo, Japan. (Hon. Treasurer) in exchange for the Society’s Transactions.
Tokyo. Deutsche Gesellschaft fiir Natur und Volkerkunde Ost- asiens, Tokyo, Japan, in exchange for the Society’s Mitthei- lungen.
XXXIl
UPSALA.
VIENNA.
ZURICH.
EXCHANGE LIST.
The University, Bibliotheque de VUniversité Royale, Uppsala, Sweden, in exchange for that University’s Aarskrift.
Anthropologische Gesellschaft in Wien, I. Burgring 7 (An die Anthropologisch Ethnographische Abtheilung der Ix. JX. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums, Wien 1, Burgring 7—1iir die Anthropologische Gesellschaft )—in exchange for the Society’s Mittheilungen. Naturforschende Gesellschaft (Biblothéque centrale, Bureau Wéchange de la Société dMhistoire naturelle). Zurich, Switzerland, in exchange for that Society Viertel- jahrschrift.
| Closed March 24th, 1917. ]
RULES of the Straits Branch OF THE
Royal Asiatic Society.
I. Name and Objects.
1. The name of the Society shall be ‘The Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society.’
2. The objects of the Society shall be :—
(a) The increase and diffusion of knowledge concerning British Malaya and the neighbouring countries.
(b) the publication of a Journal and of works and maps.
(c) the formation of a library of books and maps.
II. Membership.
3. Members shall be of two kinds—Ordinary and Honorary.
4. Candidates for ordinary membership shall be proposed and seconded by members and elected by a majority of the Council.
5 Ordinary members shall pay an annual subscription of $5 payable in advance on the first of January in each year. Mem- bers shall be allowed to compound for life membership by a pay- ment of $50.
6. On or about the 30th of June in each year the Honorary Treasurer shall prepare and submit to the Council a list of those members whose subscriptions for the current year remain unpaid. Such members shall be deemed to be suspended from membership until their subscriptions have been paid, and in default of payment within two years shall be deemed to have resigned their membership.
No member shall receive a copy of the Journal or other publi- cations of the Society until his subscription for the current year has been paid.
7. Distinguished persons and persons who have rendered notable service to the Society may on the recommendation of the Council be elected Honorary members by a majority at a General meeting. They shall pay no subscription, and shall enjoy all the privileges of a member except a vote at meetings and eligibility for office.
Ill. Officers.
8. The officers of the Society shall be :—
A President.
Three Vice Presidents, resident in Singapore, Penang and the Federated Malay States respectively.
An Honorary Treasurer. An Honorary Librarian.
An Honorary Secretary. Four Councillors.
XXXIV RULES.
These officers shall be elected for one year at the annual Gereral Meeting, and shall hold office until their successors are appointed.
9. Vacancies in the above offices occurring during any year shall be filled by a vote of majority of the remaining officers.
TV. Council.
10. The Council of the Society shall be composed of the officers for the current year, and its duties and powers shall be :— (a) to administer the affairs, property and trusts of the Society. | (b) to elect ordinary members and to recommend candidates for election as Honorary members of the Society.
(c) to obtain and select material for publication in the Journal and to supervise the printing and distribution of the Journal.
(d) to authorise the publication of works and maps at the expense of the Society otherwise than in the Journal.
(e) to select and purchase books and maps for the Library.
(f) to aecept or decline donations on behalf of the Society.
(2) to present to the Annual General Meeting at the expira- tion of their term of office a report of the proceedings and condition of the Society.
(h) to make and enforce bye-laws and regulations for the proper conduct of the affairs of the Society. Every such bye-law or regulation shall be published in the Journal.
11. The Council shall meet for the transaction of business once a month and oftener if necessary. Three officers shall form a quorum of the Council.
V. General Meetings.
12. One week’s notice of all meetings shall be given and of the subjects to be discussed or dealt with. .
13. At all meetings the Chairman shall in the case of an equality of votes be entitled to a casting vote in addition to his own.
14. The Annual General Meeting shall be held in February in each year. Hleven members shall form a quorum.
15. (1) At the Annual General Meeting the Council shalt present a Report for the preceding year and the Treasurer shall render an account of the financial condition of the Society. Copies of such Report and account shall be circulated to members with the notice calling the meeting.
(ii) Officers for the current year shall also be chosen.
16. The Council may summon a General Meeting at any time, and shall so summon one upon receipt by the Secretary of a
RULES. XXXV
written requisition signed by five ordinary members desiring to submit any specified resolution to such meeting. Seven members shall form a quorum at any such meeting.
17%. Visitors may be admitted to any meeting at the discretion of the Chairman but shall not be allowed to address the meeting except by invitation of the Chairman.
Vi. Publications.
18. The Journal shall be published at least twice in each year, and oftener if material is available. It shall contain material approved by the Council. In the first number in each year shall be published the Report of the Council, the account of the financial position of the Society, a list of members, the Rules, and a list of the publications received by the Society during the preceding year.
19. Kvery member shall be entitled to one copy of the Journal, which shall be sent free by post. Copies may be presented by the Council to other Societies or to distinguished individuals, and the remaining copies shall be sold at such prices as the Council shall from time to time direct.
20. Twenty-four copies of each paper published in the Journal shall be placed at the disposal of the author.
VII. Amendments to Rules.
21. Amendments to these Rules must be proposed in writing to the Council, who shall submit them to a General Meeting duly summoned to consider them. If passed at such General Meeting they shall come into force upon confirmation at a subsequent General Meeting or at an Annual General Meeting.
Affiliation Privileges of Members.
Royal Asiatic Society. The Royal Asiatic Society has its headquarters at 22, Albemarle Street, London W., where it has <¢ Jarge library of books, and MSS. relating to oriental subjects, and holds monthly meetings from November to June (inclusive) at which papers on such subjects are read.
2. By rule 105 of this Society all the Members of Branch Societies are entitled when on furlough or otherwise temporarily resident within Great Britain, and Treland, to the use of the Library as Non-Resident Members and to attend the ordinary monthly meetings of this Society. This Society accordingly invites Mem- bers of Branch Societies temporarily resident in ‘Great Britain or Ireland to avail themselves of these facilities and to make their home addresses known to the Secretary so that notice of the meet- ings may be sent to them.
Xxxvl RULES.
3. Under rule 84, the Council of the Society is able to accept contributions to its Journal from Members of Branch Societies, and other persons interested in Oriental Research, of original articles, short notes, etc., on matters connected with the languages, archeology, history, beliefs and customs of any part of Asia.
4. By virtue of the afore-mentioned Rule 105, all Members of Branch Societies are entitled to apply for election to the Society without the formality of nomination. They should apply in writ- ing to the Secretary, stating their names and addresses, and men- tioning the Branch Society to which they belong. Election is by the Society upon the recommendation of the Council.
5. The subscription for Non-Resident Members of the Society is 30/- per annum. ‘They receive the quarterly journal post free.
Asiatic Society of Bengal. Members of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, by a letter received in 1903, are accorded the privilege of admission to the monthly meetings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, which are held usually at the Society’s house, 1 Park Street, Calcutta.
Ee
JOURNAL
Se
“he
FLAG OF THE GOVERNOR OF THE H STRAITS SETTLEMENTS
COLONIAL ENSIGN STRAITS SETTLEMENTS
4 eee See
{ | | FLAG OF THE CHIEF SECRETARY FEDERATED MALAY STATES
/
The Flags of the Malay Peninsula.
Tn response to a request made some little time ago, the Council of the Society has decided to publish here seven plates illustrative of the flags generally recognised in the Malay Peninsula. ‘The drawings from which the plates have been prepared were in most cases procured through members of the Society, who are at the same time Officers of the State serving im different parts of the Peninsula. For the ready way in which they gave their help, the Society’s best thanks are due.
The ensign of the Straits Settlements is constructed as those of all British Colonies from the Blue Ensign, by the addition of the Colonial emblem in the fly. The same Colonial emblem wreathed in oak leaves in the centre of the Union Jack makes the Governor’s flag. The device of the emblem is three crowns em- baved on sabre in a lozenge the ground of which is red, the crowns representing the three Siok leaner
The Chief Secretary of the Federated Malay States has a Jack corresponding to the Governor’s in which a kris is the emblem.
Very recently all the Malay States used flags as emblems which were of one colour; but as it became known in them that the self-coloured flags at sea and elsewhere had special significances for the purpose of signalling, the desirability of using ‘something more (distinctive was realised. and a change has been made i in every State except Tringganu. ‘Tringganu still retains its plain white flag. |
Pahang, its neighbour, used a plain black flag, until, as sym- bolical of the Union of the ruler with his people, white was associ- ated with the black,—first a narrow white band along the inner edge then an upper white half. This final design was fixed by the State Council on the 28th of December, 1903. As far as can be ascer- tained the flag of Kelantan was plain white up to the time when the State came under British Protection. Being white, it would not be distinctive as regards 'Tringganu. After the State had come under protection, a figure ofa tiger was added in mid-flag coloured in the case of the State flag a very dark blue, and in His Highness the Sultan’s own fiag yellow, the ground remaining white as before. Similarly the Perak flags used to be self- coloured, but now the three colours, formerly employed, are combined into the one flag, In Kedah up to six years ago self-coloured flags were used. The Sultan used a plain yellow one, the Malay emblem of Royalty, the State flag was a plain red one and the late Raja Muda’s a plain black. When the Sultan and his suite went to Europe for the corronation of their Majesties King George V. and Queen Mary, the
Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 75, 1917.
+ THE FLAGS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.
Malays were chagrined to find that none of their old flags could be flown as they were the nautical symbols for quarantine, gunpowder and piracy, and then the device called by the Malays the “ Kedah Crown ” as superimposed on the old grounds of tle Sultan’s, and the State’s flags; and the President of the State Council was elven a green flag instead of the old black one.
The crescent of Muhammedanism appears in the Kedah flag ; and the erescent and star in those of Selangor and Johore. The Selangor State flag is yellow and red in quarters with a yellow crescent and star in canton. It was devised in the reign of Sultan Abdul Samad: and the yellow and red quarterings are symbolic of flesh and blood; for, as the body is of flesh and blood so is the State a combination of necessary parts.
The Johore flag is white with the crescent and star red in canton on blue.
The Negri Sembilan flag is yellow with red and black diagonal in canton: red for the Government, yellow for the Raja, and black for the Undang or States’ rulers. ‘“ Negri Sembilan” means *“* Nine States.”
The device of the Kelantan flag reads :—
a & crud ole\ ss ° & po w “- 9 - 3" on Yo -
Ursa gw \bany —') a a cabs ae (CE i
KERAJA’?AN KELANTAN.
Nasrom minallah-hi wafat-hung karibun wabasshirel mo’minin.
FLAG OF THE FEDERATED MALAY STATES
FLAG OF THE SULTAN OF JOHORE
FLAG OF THE STATE OF JOHORE
THE ORIGINAL PAHANG FLAG
THE SECOND PAHANG FLAG
THE THIRD AND PRESENT PAHANG FLAG
use ate aR ORO AOS
Hepageenre™
THE FLAG OF H.H. THE SULTAN OF PAHANG
FLAG OF THE STATE OF NEGRI SEMBIZAN Z
FLAG OF THE STATE OF PERAK
FLAG OF THE STATE OF TRENGGANU
FLAG OF H.H. THE SULTAN OF KEDAH
FLAG OF THE STATE OF KEDAH
FLAG OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE STATE COUNCIL, KEDAH
FLAG OF THE STATE OF SELANGOR
FLAG OF THE STATE OF PERLIS i
FLAG OF H.H. THE SULTAN OF KELANTAN
FLAG OF THE STATE OF KELANTAN
OV14 NVINVYI3W 3SHL 4O Y3DIL 3SHL
New and Rare Malayan Plants.
Series IX.
IBy2 Jal, INS laviioneiopy, HRS.
In continuing my work on the Flora of the Malay Peninsula, I find a number of plants in the earlier collections which have been overlooked and not described, as well as several genera in which the species, chiefly described from more or less inadequate dried speci- mens, seem to have been much confused ; such genera are Glycosmis, Ventilago and Allophyllus. In critical genera like these a really big series of specimens is required and this we seldom possess in any tropical genus. Some also differ more in habit than in what may be called herbarium characters. In the field one could not mis- take the one for the other; but specimens without adequate notes as to height, and form of growth may look so far similar that a botanist who has not seen the plants alive may easily be led into thinking that they are all mere forms of one somewhat variable species. We really want more collecting and observation done. I have been sur- prised to note how very badly many of our commonest plants are represented in herbaria. The collections of an amateur who, just commencing the study of botany collects every weed he can find, are often extremely valuable, as the plants he gathers are just the plants that others neglect.
ANONACEAE.
Unona. Safford in Bull. Torrey Club, xxxix. p. 502, shows that the original species of this genus was an American plant to which were later added among others the species known as Unona in the East Indies: and eventually the original Unona discreta, Linn. fil., was actually excluded from the genus. This plant proves to be a Xylopia. The Hast Indian plants are quite distinct from it so that the generic name Unona dis- appears as a synonym of Xylopia. ‘he earliest name for the Kast Indian “ Unona” is Desmos of Loureiro and the follow- ing are the names of the Malay species of Unona now referred to that genus.
Desmos cochinchinensis, Lour. Fl. Cochinch. I. 352, Unona desmos, Dunal.
Jour. Straits Branch R. A, Soc., No. 75, 1917.
6 NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS.
Desmos chinensis, Lour. lc. p. 852. Unona discolor, Vahl.
Desmos Dunalii, Safford l.c. p. 506. Unona Dunalii, Wall. Cat.
Desmos dumosa, Safford Le. p. 506. Unona dumosa, Roxb.
Desmos dasymaschala, Safford l.c. 507. Unona dasymaschala, Bl.
Desmos filipes, Ridl. Unona filipes, Ridl.
The genus when confined to the shrubs with large rather thin flowers with two series of unequal petals and moniliform fruiting carpels forms a well-defined genus: but to it has un- unfortunately been added a section Stenopetalae including Desmos Wrayt, D. desmantha, D. crinita, D. stenopetala all Unonas of Hook. fil. & King, and kept in Desmos by Safford. ‘These are small trees about 20 feet tall with the flowers and fruit exactly of Polyalthia and closely allied to P. Beccaru. The ovaries in the species referred to Unona (Desmos) contain from 2 to 5 ovules. The distinction given to Polyalthia from Unona is that it has but one or two ovules. None of the species of this supposed section of Unona have monilform fruit, but 3 seeds are often developed.
I propose to remove all of them to their correct genus Polyalthia and transfer them to their real affinity with P. Beccaru, under the names of Polyalthia Wrayi, P. des- mantha, P. crinita and P. stenopetala.
Unona pycnantha, Hook. fil. only known from Maingay’s specimen looks to me to be a young specimen of one of these species probably P?. desmantha, in which the flowers are not fully developed.
Polyalthia cauliflora, Hook. fil. and Thoms., Fl. Ind. 188; Hook, fil., Fl. Brit. Ind. I. 60, was based on Wallich’s Uvama cauli- flora (Wall. Cat. 6476) a plant collected in Singapore. King omitted it altogether from the “ Materials for a flora of the Malay peninsula” but quoted the description in the Annals of the Botanie Gardens of Calcutta (Anonaceae) and said tt was indeterminable. I have examined the type in Wallich’s herbarium and find it to be identical with Polyalthia Teys- mann, Boerl., Ie. Bogor. 1 107; Guatteria Teysmanni, Maiq. Fl. IndaBar suppl 378.
This species is very common in Singapore and much resembles P. Beccaru. It is a small tree with a stem 3 inches through with transversely wrinkled bark. The flowers are orange yellow, and not cinnamon brown as in P. Beccarn; the fruit is larger and sometimes at least pubescent.
[t occurs in SINGAPORE, at Chan Chu Kang (6231 of my collection), Toas river and Changi (5980); also on Gunong Panti in JoHORE; at Sepang in SELANGOR; and on the Tahan river in PAHANG, usually in rather sandy open woods.
Jour, Straits Branch
NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. a
Unona I/atifolia, Hook. fil., Fl. Brit. Ind. I. 60.
Unona Brandisana, Pierre, Fl. Forest Cochinch. p. 19 is referred by Safford to the genus Canangium, as Canangium Brandesanum, Safford (1c. p. 504).
It is certainly closely allied to Canangiwm Scortechini having the long conic anther appendage and elongated style of that species. The style of Canangium odoratum is however quite different.
It is regrettable that Safford published the name as Cana- guum Brandesanum as Pierre intended to associate the plant with Sir Dietrich Brandis and called it Brandisana. It should have been in correct Latin Brandisianum.
Canangium monospermum (Cananga monosperma, Hook. fil.).
“A tree about 5 feet high: stem about the size of a man’s thumb found on the top of Gov. Hill.” “ Large tree with a thick stem found about half way going up Government Hill” in Maingay’s collections. This has been treated by Hooker and King as a doubtful plant; and the fruit with the specimens perhaps ‘does not belong. It is no Canangium and I am very doubtful as to what itis. It has not been collected since Main- gay’s time; neither Curtis nor Mhd. Haniff nor I myself have been able to find it. It requires searching for again.
Sphaerocoryne, Scheff. ms. in Boerlage, Ie. Bogor. LXIX.
R.
The species on which Scheffer apparently intended to base this genus, S. siamensis, was put by Boerlage into the genus Polyalthia as P. siamensis, when he described Scheffer’s spe- cies. It had however been already described by Pierre, FI. Forest. Cochinch., as Unona Mesnyi (Pl. 17). Pierre seemed doubtful as to where to place the plant, as in Herb. Kew he writes notes on it referring it also to Popowia: and Craib (Kew Bulletin, 1914, p. 5) makes a new combination of this as Popo- wid Mesnyji. ‘Popowia edulis, Pierre, seems to me the same thing. ‘Two other species closely allied to this species are Poly- althia affinis, Teijsm. and Binn., in Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xxvil (1864) 37; Boerlage, Ic. Bogoriensis, te xe or um known origin cultivated at Buitenzore and Polyalthia aberrans, Maingay in ‘Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 67 of Malacca and Perak.
It does not seem possible to refer these three plants to any of the genera suggested, and I therefore propose to keep up the proposed genus of Scheffer’s S phaerocoryne which I define be- low. The affinities of these plants are obscure, but they are certainly allied to Scheffer’s Rauwenhoffia from which Sphaero- coryne differs mainly in its small stigmas, cylindric style and single or 2 ovules. .Rawwenhoffia has very large stigmas, a very short style and many ovules,
ADOC ENOs Woe LOL
8 NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS.
Sphaerocoryne, Scheff. ms. genus ined.
Shrubs erect or scandent or small trees. Leaves cori- aceous. Flowers axillary, solitary. Sepals small, ovate, val- vate. Petals outer ovate, inner ones much smaller, flat not excavate at the base. Stamens oblong, numerous, connective flat, truncate. Torus globose. Pistils projecting beyond the stamens. Ovary hairy. Style cylindric, glabrous. Stigma small bilobed. Ovules 1 basal or 2, lateral. Carpels sub- globose on long stalks. Seed 1 oblong.
Species 3.
S. aberrans, Ridl. Polyalthia aberrans, Maingay ex Hook. fil., FL. Brit. Ind: i. 67; King, in Journ. As. Soc: Beng. isdaspe 2, p. 685 and m Ann, Cale: Bot: Gard. 1V 78: ple 10ga= PERAK,
S. siamensis, Scheff. Polyalthia siamensis, Boerl., Ic. Bogor. LXIX. Unona Mesnyi, Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch., if "Vi. Popowia Mesnyt, Craib, in Kew Bull, TOMAS ye Popowia edulis, Pierre.
SIAM, CAMBODIA.
S. affinis, Ridl. Polyalthia affinis, Teijsm. and Binn. ex Boerlage, feo Bogor. 1.7 D2et0T,
Cult. in Hort. Bogor. origin unknown.
TILIACEAE.
Elaeocarpus acmosepalus, Stapf. ms.
A tree with young parts silky pubescent. Leaves thinly coriaceous drying brown, glabrous, elliptic acute or acuminate, base cuneate, margins entire, slightly act nerves 3 pairs inarching within the margin, “elevate beneath, reticulations wide not conspicuous, i em. long, 4 cm. wide; petiole slender, geniculate .75 in. long. Racemes slender in upper axils, 67 em. long, puberulous. Pedicels 6—7 mm. long. Sepals 5, lan- ceolate acuminate, sparsely hairy or elabrous, 6 mm. long. eels one fimbeone. edges ciliate, nearly as long. Sta- 25, filaments elabrous, as long as the anthers which are eee the awn nearly as long as the anther and tipped with hairs. Torus of 5 rounded tomentose elands grooved on the back. Ovary ovoid conic silky pilose, 3-celled, 2 ovules in each cell. Style glabrous above, pilose at base.
JoHorr. Pengerang (N. Cantley). Also in SARAWAK (Beccari 3433), and Bau (Haviland 2035).
Allied to #. parvifolius, Wall., and EH. robustus, Roxb., which latter it resembles in having some of the leaves shewing signs of pustulations, but the leaves are quite entire and dry
Jour. Straits Branch
NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. 9
dark brown above and red brown beneath. The sepals are very narrow and when dry at least are curiously hooked at the long acuminate tip. Haviland’s plant is more pubescent and the leaves show shght signs of crenation.
Dr. Stapf recognized this species as distinct in the Kew Herbarium but never published his description of it.
GERANIACEAE.
Connaropsis glabra, n. sp.
Tree? branches with pale bark, glabrous. Leaves simple, thinly coriaceous, oblong acuminate acute, base rounded, nerves 5—6 pairs ascending inarching within the margins, reticulations conspicuous beneath, not glaucescent, + in. long, 1.6 in. wide, petiole .5 in. long, petiolule .2 in. Panicles axillary and ter- minal, erect, 3.5 in.—+.5 in. long, lax ; branches short .2—.3 in. long; pedicels .O1 long. Sepals ovate acute, glabrous. Petals oblong, narrower at the base, obtuse. Stamens 10 in 2 whorls of unequal length; ovary glabrous, ovoid, obscurely angled.
Perak. On Hermitage Hill at 1000 feet, alt., flowering in December, (Curtis 1345).
This species has thinner and longer leaves, (not glaucous on the backs,) than C. monophylla, Planch. 'The panicle is laxer and the whole plant glabrous.
Connaropsis laxa, n. sp.
Tree 40 to 50 feet tall, the bark of the branches pale. Teaves simple, coriaceous, lanceolate acuminate, shining, the base rounded; nerves 6 pairs slender, inarching within the margin, elevated beneath, reticulations fine conspicuous be- neath, 3—4.5 in. long, 1.4—2 in. wide, petiole .5 in. long, petiolule .2 in. long. Panicles terminal and axillary, slender, lax, puberulous 2.5 to 6 in. long; branches distant 2—3 in. long with the branchlets crowded at the tip. Sepals connate at base, 5, oblong, obtuse, glabrous. Petals 5, cuneate truncate, cherry red. Stamens 10, 5 short alternating with 5 long. Ovary oblong ovate. Styles 5, short. Fruit ‘globose, 2-celled, dark red. Seed 1.
Perak. Taiping Hills, within 300 feet of Sea level (Kunstler 2384) ; Tea Gardens (Curtis 2896).
The appearance of this plant suggests a Dapania but it appears to be a tree and to have indehiscent fruits.
Impatiens polycycla, Hook. fil. ms.
A branched herb with nearly glabrous stem. Leaves in whorls of 2 to 5, lanceolate acuminate, narrowed to the base, serrate spinulose, with scattered long hairs on the upper sur-
R. A, Soc., No. 75, 1917;
10
NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS.
face, glaucous beneath and glabrous, nerves hardly visible 1 to 1.5 in. long, .4 1n. wide; petiole .2 in. long. Stipules filiform. Pedunele 1.5 to 2 in. long. Flower patent 1 in. across, rose pink. Sepals .2 in. long, ovate caudate, glabrous, spurred one ovate lanceolate, flat, spur long and slender, 1.5 in. long. Cap- sule ovoid dilate in middle .5 in. long. Seed obovoid, com- pressed hairy .1 in. long.
Perak. ‘Temengoh on a sand bank in the river (Ridley 14591). I could find but a single plant anywhere.
Allied to T. Griffithu, Hook. fil. but a more branched stouter plant, with broader leaves, hairy above with the nerves
almost invisible, in whorls of 5, the lower ones in pairs. The spur is also much longer and more slender.
Impatiens exilipes, Hook. fil. ms.
A branched glabrous herb about 2 feet tall. Leaves op- posite or in whorls of 3, broadly lanceolate acuminate, nar- rowed to the base, serrate spinulose, quite olabrous, beneath glaucous, nerves 6 pairs conspicuous, 3 to 4.5 in. long. - vO In. W ide; petiole .5 in. long. Pedicels 2 to 3 in. long. Flowers rose pink, centre darker. Sepals ovate oblong, cuspidate, spurred one boat-shaped, mucronate, .4 in. long, spur slender 1.3 in. long. Standard obovate, cuneate, truncate with a short point and a short rounded keel, wings broad bifid, basal lobe oblong retuse, upper one obovate retuse, Capsule short .6 in. long, “broadly fusiform, beaked. Seed obovoid, flattened, gla- brous.
Perak. On the road between 'Tapah and Jor, abundant at one spot (Ridley).
I got this pretty balsam in the return from the expedition to Telom. Like the last species Sir Joseph Hooker examined it and made notes on it shortly before his death and gave it the above manuscript name. It belongs to the same section as the last but is distinct in being quite glabrous like 7. Curtisw of the Taiping Hills but has lanceolate not ovate leaves. J. Wrayt, Hook. fil. from the same district has hairy leaves, an orbicular standard not narrowed at the base and a central raised line with an erect tooth in the centre, the wings are very unequally lobed and the seed is hairy. J. sarcantha, Hook. fil. from the Telom river has broad hairy leaves and an obovate standard, emarginate with a strong central keel running the whole length, and oblong truncate unequal lobes to the wings. The seeds are glabrous.
RUTACEAE.
Glycosmis. ‘The various species of this genus of shrubs or small
trees occurring in the Malay Peninsula have been reduced
Jour. Straits Branch
NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. ill
first by Oliver, Journ. Linn. Soc. V. Suppl. it. 37, and later by Hooker in the Flora of British India and King im the Mate- rials who have followed Oliver’s classification, into three species only G. pentaphylla, Correa, the Limonma pentaphylla of Retz. and Roxburgh, G. sapindoides, Lindl. and G. puberula, Lindl., the greater number of the Indian and Malayan species being reduced to forms of G. pentaphylla “a very variable and most perplexing species.”
The typical G. pentaphylla is based upon what appears to me a very distinct species which is confined to India, and does not occur at all in our area. After examining the various plants included under the names of this and the other two species, I have come to the conclusion that the various forms, perhaps a little difficult to make out from poor berbarium specimens can be quite well distinguished into species, and are not really so variable as would at first sight appear.
G. citrifolia, Lindl. Hort. Soc. Trans. VI. 72. Limonia parv- fiora, Bot. Mag. t. 2416. ?G. simplicifotit, Spreng. Syst. Veg. Nee -reo2 Mids nds Bat. Imi 52
A short stiff shrub about 5 feet tall, with thinly coriaceous 1- to 3- foliolate leaves, elliptic lanceolate or oblanceolate, nar- rowed to the base, shortly blunt apiculate; nerves very fine, nervules nearly as conspicuous, usually distinetly gland-dotted, 4+—5 in. to 6 1n. long and 1.5 in. wide; petiole 1—2.5 in. long, petiolule .1 in. long: ‘The (pauls are axillary and terminal, ae and spike- Tike about .5 to 2 in. long, the peduncle .1—.75
long, but occasionally much longer. ‘The flowers fairly Hi eee are sessile or nearly so, .1 in. long. Sepals ovate acute, stiff; petals about twice as “long, oblong obtuse. Sta- mens with lnear-subulate filaments amd very small anthers elliptic or elliptic lanceolate. Ovary 83—4-lobed, flask-shaped on a small disc, papillose, glabrous. Fruit as big as a pea, pale pink, translucent.
This plant does not appear to be very common in the Malay Peninsula, but I have it from Tanglin in SINGAPORG from the heaths in SETUL, and Kampongs at Kota Bahru, KELANTAN.
It is abundant in Honakona, and Java, Bandong (Hor- bes 1215): and also occurs in DurcH Borneo, Banjermasin (Motley 27 1), British NortH BorNEO (Fraser ): PHILrp- PINES (Cuming 1200; Loher 215), Manila (Merrill 112778).
The form with unifoholate leaves, has usually stiffer and larger leaves and is probably the G. lanceolata, Spreng. It occurs also in French Guyana (Glycosmis americana, Sagot) and Jamaica. “ According to Dr. Broughton it was introduced into Jamaica from England under the name of Mandarin orange 1n 1788 by Hinton Hast, Esq.” (note in Herb. Kew). hese American forms, undoubted] y both introduced, resemble
R. A. Soc., No. 75, 1917.
12 NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS.
the Hongkong plant in having a tomentose inflorescence. The Malayan form is quite glabrous.
G. macrocarpa, Wight, Ill. 1. 109.
A tree or shrub quite glabrous. Leaves 1- to 5-foholate on the same plant, subcoriaceous, the trifoliolate leaflets are lanceolate, distant acuminate, shortly narrowed to the base, 3 in. long, .7 in. wide, petiolule .1 in.; the unifoliolate leaflets elliptic lanceolate, acuminate, base shortly narrowed, 7.5 1. lomen 257 Sine wide, very finely eland-dotted, nerves often dis- tinctly elevate beneath in the larger leaflets, 8 pairs. The flow- ers white are .2 in, long 2 to 3 on very stout axillary racemes in the only Malay specimen I have seen, in terminal clusters .5 in. long in the Indian ty pe, rachis and calyx scurfy. Sepals short ovate. Petals quite 3 times as long, linear oblong, sub- acute. Stamens with broad truncate linear filaments and ‘short oblong anthers. Ovary glabrous, cylindric on a moderately large disc. Berry .75 in. long, globose with 2 large plano- convex seeds.
Perak. At 4500 feet, “a tree, flowers white” (Wray 264). ‘Sourn Inpra: Courtallum (Wight).
A very distinct plant in its large flowers and very large fruit as big as a cherry. Wight gives it as shrubby, Wray as a tree.
G. malayana, b. sp.
A glabrous shrub, about 6 feet tall, with leht green leaves. Buds red tomentose. Leaves 5-foliolate, thin, submembranous, leaflets elliptic, bluntly acuminate, shortly narrowed at the base, nerves 5 pairs impressed above conspicuously elevate beneath, inarching .38 in. within the margin, very finely gland-dotted above, sometimes but not always beneath, 3.5—5.5 in. long, 1—2 Tele wide, petiole .5—1 in. long, petiolules .1—2 in. long. _Pani- oe axillary and terminal 2-3 in. long, branches spreading 1
1. long, elal yrous, rarely red scurfy. Buds globose. Sepals oneal cihate on the edges. Filaments broad, flat. Ovary eylindro-conic, 5-celled, olabrous. Fruit white, globose, nar- rowed at the base, .2 in. through.
SINGAPORE. Chan Chu Kang (Ridley 3912). JoHorn. Bukit Murdom (frelsall), and Sedenah (Ridley 13508). SE- LANGOR. Kuala Lumpur. Prrax. Larut (King’s Collector 2035, 2839). Penang. (Wallsch 6373D) ; Malka ilend (Curtis 722); Government Hill (aingay).
‘This is our commonest species. The very smooth leaves with strong elevate nerves beneath and very inconspicuous ner- vules and reticulation beneath are very characteristic points. Frequently they are not at all gland-dotted but in the more northern Perak and Penang specimens conspicuously so.
Jour. Straits Branch
NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. 12
Kunstler’s specimen No. 2035 described as a tree 20—30 feet tall has a tomentose inflorescence. This is unusual though the buds in all specimens are red tomentose. The Penang plants have more distinct nervules and reticulations and are gland-dotted on both sides, and the branchlets are pustular, while the inflorescence is much more copiously branched and compact. In this it approaches G. sapindoides, Lindl. In the Kew herbarium specimens have been tentatively named G. chlorosperma, Spreng., the description of which is too incom- plete to identify any species by, but as the type was obtained in Java where this species does not seem to occur, it is probable that that species is something else.
G. sapindoides, Land]. in Wall. Cat. 6373; Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. I. 501, was poled by Wallich in Penang in 1822. ‘The leaves are 5- to 7-foliolate with 11 or 12 pairs of fairly well elevated nerves and conspicuous nervules and reticulations, the
branches are pustular, the inflorescence fascicled racemose axillary short and red tomentose, the ovary is rufous tomentose at the base.
The plant collected by Maingay on Government Hill, PENANG, described 1 in his field note as 30 feet high and as Aneel as a man’s thumb, is quite glabrous, and has a “terminal inflo- rescence; so | refer it to G. malayana. No one has apparently seen sapindordes since Wallich’s time.
G. macrophylla, Lindl. Wall. Cat. 6377, not of Miquel.
A shrub 2—3 feet tall. Leaves always simple, thinly cori- aceous, elliptic, narrowed slightly at the base, acuminate, fre- quently not gland-dotted, pale beneath, nerves strongly elevate beneath 10 pairs inarching shortly within the margin, reticul- ations conspicuous, 8 in. long, 3.9 In. wide, petiole thick .2—1 in. long. Panicles terminal, or 1 axillary in the uppermost leaf axil, 2.5 in. long with very short branches .1 in. long. ‘The flowers very small in umbels at the end of the branches. ‘The sepals ovate not cihate. The petals short oblong. Ovary conic cylindric, glabrous on a very large disc.
PENANG. (Wallich 6377; Curtis 89).
var. macrorachis, \ing.
An erect shrub 2 to 4 feet. Leaves lanceolate acuminate, 13 in. long, 3—7 in. wide, narrowed to the base. Panicle slen- der elongate, 6 in. long, quite glabrous, base 1 in. wide, flori- ferous part 6 in., branches distinct .1—4 in. long with small terminal umbels of flowers at the ends, Fruit round and white.
Prensanc. Waterfall and Pulau Butong (Curtis 89). A very distinct plant peculiar apparently to Penang. un. SOC NO, 1017.
14
NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS.
G. tomentella, n. sp.
Shrub. Buds red tomentose. Leaves 5-foliolate, rhachis finely tomentose, + in. long; leaflets elliptic ovate bluntly acu- minate, base rounded, submembranous, nerves 5 pairs elevate beneath, inarching within the margin, 4 in. long, 2 in. wide, terminal one 7 in. long 2.25 in. across, petiolule tomentose .1 in. long. Panicle terminal; peduncle 1.5 in. long, floriferous por- tion 1.5 in. long, lower branches 1.2 in. long, patent, rhachis scurfy, flowers .1 in. long, sessile in small clusters on the branches. Sepals ovate obtuse. Petals oblong obtuse. Sta- mens; filaments lnear, flat, oblong, anther elliptic. Ovary conoid on a rather large cushion-like disc, glabrous.
SELANGOR. Menuang Gasing, Langat (Kloss).
A very distinct plant in its ovate leaflets with rounded bases, and finely scurfy tomentose rhachis, petiolules and in- florescence: a little scurf occurs too on the midrib and back of the leaves generally.
G. crassifolia, n. sp.
Branches stout, woody. Leaves simple, very coriaceous, oblong, elliptic lanceolate, narrowed to the base, bluntly acu- minate, gland-dotted above, less conspicuously beneath, nerves fine not elevate inconspicuous, 10 pairs, nervules nearly as conspicuous, reticulations very inconspicuous, 8 in. long, 2.1 in. wide, petiole thick .5 in. Flowers small sessile in very short axillary clusters .1 in. long, very few in the cluster, rhachis and ovate sepals red tomentose. Petals broadly lanceolate blunt, glabrous. ‘Stamens short ‘“ connective of anthers with a glan- dular blunt apiculus.’ Ovary conoid cylindric, glabrous. * Fruit fleshy.”
Matacca. (Maingay 3374).
A very curious plant of which I have only seen a single specimen of Maingay’s with one open flower. The cori- aceous simple leaves and small flowers in very small axillary clusters distinguish it readily from any other species. Hooker referred it to the var. longifolia, Oliv. of G. pentaphylla, an Assam plant which I think is distinct though allied.
G. monticola, n. sp.
Shrub glabrous. Leaves 5 in. long, leaflets 5, coriaccous, dotted above, narrow lanceolate, acuminate cuspidate tip blunt, base long, narrowed, cuneate, nerves 6 pairs faint, 3 to 4 in. long, .56 to 1 in. wide, petiolules .1 in. long. Panicle terminal 1 in. long, branches .2 in. long, few flowered. Sepals rounded. Petals ovate. Stamens: filaments very short, anthers api- culate. Pistil cylindric.
Jour. Straits Branch
NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. 15
Matacca. Mt. Ophir (Ridley 3285).
Distinct in its very narrow elongate, coriaceous leaves, eland-dotted above, finely reticulate beneath ending in a long ylunt tipped point and much narrowed to the base.
G. puberula, Lindl. Wall. Cat. 6375; Oliv. Le. 39; Hook. fil. Fl.
Dm bode Tat,
A small leaved shrub with usually trifoholate leaves and red tomentose inflorescence and ovary. Fruit as big as a pea, globose, glandular.
PEnane. (Wallich 6375 A and B); Government Hill at 500 feet (Curtis 88). Perak. (Scortechin). A variety with stiff coriaceous leaves with a broad blunt point, nerves in- visible above.
Wallich 6375B is labelled Singap(ore) but it may be doubted if it too did not come from Penang, as it has never again been found so far south.
G. rupestris, Ridl. is allied to G. puberula, but its ovary is always glabrous, as is the whole inflorescence. Kepaw. On Gunong Geriang, Pulau Adang, Rawei Island; Peruts, on Bukit Lagi, (Ridley 15752).
var. tomentosa, 1. var. has the inflorescence red hairy though the ovary is glabrous, but glandular.
KepaH. Lankawi, Pulau Segal (Ridley 15566). Pulau Adang (Ridley 15844 and 15843) both larger leaved than type. SOUTHERN SrAM. Koh Samui (Robinson).
A plant very closely alhed to G. rupestris, if not identical specifically, was collected at Montalban in the Philippines in the Province of Rizal (Loher 6767 and 6774) but the leaves are all unifoliolate.
BURSERACEAE.
Santiria laxa, King. Canarium laxum, Benn. -
The female flowers of this tree have not been described. They are distinctly larger than the male flowers, the blunt oblong petals being .3 in. long and are borne on longer slender pedicels, .5 in. or more in length. The stamens (abortive) are as long as the pistil, the anther thick linear and blunt, longer a little than the filament. The ovary is thick oblong and some- what distinetly 3-lobed. The stigma sessile, large three-lobed, thick and overlapping the ovary.
Icicaster Planchoni, n. gen. I found the genus Icicaster for the plant formerly known
R. A. Soc., No. 75, 1917.
16
NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS.
as Santiria Planchom, Benn. Fl. Brit. Ind. I. 536 and Engler, Mon. Phan. IV. 154. Canarium Planchom, King, Mat. Mal. Pen sipsecor:
Planchon named it /eteopsis in Herb. Hook., but this generic name was never published and Engler unfortunately used it for certain American plants now reduced to Jcica. In the Pflanzenfamilien it is put as a section of Santiria under the name /cicopsis, and Trigonochlamys is also put as a sec- tion of Santiria. ;
The plant in fruit resembles Trigonochlamys Griffithia
except for the small calyx lobes but the flowers are small and
resemble those of a Santiria except that they have but three stamens.
The characters of the genus /cicaster may thus be given. A tree with pinnate leaves of 7 to 13 leaflets, unisexual. Pani- cles axillary, shorter than the leaves. Flowers smal! crowded near the tips of the branches. Calyx campanulate ‘deeply cleft into 3 ovate triangular lobes, small. Petals 3, shehtly larger, deltoid. Stamens three, anthers ovate, filaments shorter, flat, inserted on the edge of a large cupular fleshy disc. Ovary inn the female flowers small, ov ate, three-lobed. Style terminal, short. Stigma 3-lobed. Drupe ovoid globular, shghtly eib- bous, style persistent, slightly lateral.
It appears to be not rare in the south of the Peninsula in SINGAPORE, Matacca and PERAK as far north as Taiping. The fruit is yellow and bead-like.
MELIACEAE.
Amoora malaccensis, 1. sp.
Tree, bark of branches wrinkled, young branches red pubescent (when dry). Leaves 9—12 in. long, imparipinnate, rhachis scurfy puberulous; leaflets 11—13, opposite, elliptic or elliptic- -lanceolate, acuminate, base cuiicaes or rounded. shghtly inaequilateral, coriaceous, clabrous, smooth, slightly shining above, red brown beneath when dry, nerves about 16 nairs, very fine and inconspicuous, depressed above, faint beneath, 21 to 4.25 in. long, .75—1.8 in. wide, petiolules .1—.2 in. long. Pani- cles axillary 6—8 in. long with ascending branches 1—2 in. or less long, scurfy, pubescent. Flowers ‘male 05. im, tomers threes or fours at te ends of the branchlets, sessile. Calyx lobes short, rounded base thick campanulate, pustular. Petals ovate obtuse longer incurved. Stamen-tube nearly as long as the petals, broadly oblong globose, wide open at the top, lobes rounded, short, anthers 6, “not exserted. Ovary glabrous, ob- long. Fruit globose, 2 in. through, densely minutely velvety tomentose. pericarp very thick, woody. Jour, Straits Branch
NEM AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. 17,
Tecan Ayer ee (Goodenough; Ridley 1797) flowers; (Maingay 1455) fruit.
Nearest to A. lanceolata, Hiern, but the leaves are thinner, larger and less coriaceous with more distinct nerves, the flowers are smaller and glabrous, the staminal tube has rounded short lobes.
Aglaia rufibarbis, Rid.
I find that the plant described by me in the Journ. Roy. As. Soe. Str. Branch vol. 54, p. 32, as Aglaia rufa, Miq. is not that species but is a distinct and previously undescribed one. I therefore give it the name of 4. rufibarbis.
Dysoxylon pulchrum, n. sp.
A small tree, glabrous except the flowers. Leaf over a foot long, rhachis stout. Leaflets more than 11, alternate, rather distant, coriaceous, oblong, rather abruptly blunt acuminate, base cuneate or broadly rounded, equilateral or very nearly so, midrib stout, prominent beneath, nerves 11 pairs, slender but prominent beneath, 8—9 in. long, 3—3.5 in. across, petiolules .2—.3 in. lone, stom, Panicles large over a foot long, branches 8—12 in. long, stout, scurfy, branchlets scattered, 19 in. long with short terminal cymes of 1—=3 flowers.. Pedicels .1 in. long. Flowers nearly .2 in. pure white, buds truncate, oblong. Calyx flat, saucer-shaped with 4 or more irregular lobes. Petals much longer, alae obtuse, glabrous outside, puberulous in- side. Stamen- tube ‘cylindric, “thick pubescent outside, villous inside, mouth nearly entire, anthers included 10. Disc cylin- dric, hairy, longer than ovary. Style very stout, glabrous above. Stigma large capitate.
PENANG. At the top of the hill, 1800 feet alt. (ridley) in thick forest.
A beautiful plant which was a mass of white bloom when I collected it in March 1915.
The leaves closely resemble those of D. thyrsoideum, Griff. but the panicles and flowers are far larger, the petals broader, the stamen-tube quite hairy inside and out.
Walsura tenuifolia, n. sp.
R.
A tree glabrous except the flowers. Leaves 5 in. long; leaflets 5, thin membranous, glaucous beneath, elliptic acuminate acute, hase rounded or shortly cuneate, nerves Bee 8 pairs, elevate beneath, reticulations fine, conspicuous when dry, 2—4 in. long, 1—1.5 in. wide, 1.5 in. apart on the rhachis ; petiolules {ee ile long. Panicles long, 12—14 in., lax with distant branches eae long, elabrous helen. scurty Aion. Flowers few .2 in. long, pedicels .05 long. Calyx minutely puberulous, short ;
ASSOC INO ier, 197,
18
NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS.
lobes acute 5. Petals oblong obtuse puberulous outside, gla- brous within. Stamens connate for half their lengih, pubes- cent on both sides, filament (free part) linear subulate, anthers small. Ovary cylindric, glabrous. Style stout, shorter than the stamens. Stigma capitate. ise thick fleshy annular.
Prrak. Kamuning (Ridley 3022).
Allied to W. neurodes, Hiern. but with much thinner leaves, the stamens much more united, and ovary glabrous.
OLACACEAE.
Gonocaryum crassifolium, n. sp.
Shrub with flexuous branches, glabrous except the inflores- cence. Leaves alternate, stiffly coriaceous, ovate acuminate or oblong acuminate, base rounded, midrib above channelled, beneath strongly elevate, almost keeled, yellow, nerves elevate beneath, 5 pairs ascending, rather slender, 7 in. lomesiera ine wide, petiole thick rugose .75 in. long, Ee Spikes 3—4 together i in an axil, slender, pubescent, 2—2.2 in. long. Flowers 05. im. long, scattered. Bracts small ovate. Calyx hase cam- panulate, 5-lobed, lobes ovate obtuse, pubescent outside, 1m- bricate. Petals twice as long hardly cohering, glabrous, ovate oblong, apex incurved, fleshy edges thickened, concave. Sta- mens 5, filaments much shorter than the anther, which is oblong obtuse, red. Disc small annular undulate. Pistillode small, pilose. Female flowers and fruits unknown.
SELANGOR. Sempang mines (/tidley 15695).
In foliage this resembles G. pyriforme, Scheff. but the flowers are very much smaller and the rhachis and calyx pubes- cent.
CELASTRACEAE.
Celastrus malayensis, n. sp. C. Championu, King, Mat. Mal.
Pen. p. 353 (not of Bentham).
A glabrous woody climber with black stem. Leaves usual- ly stiffly coriaceous, elliptic to ovate, acute or acuminate, serrate or nearly entire, base stv cuneate ; nerves 5 to 6 pairs, pro- minent heneath, 3 3.5 to 4.5 in. long, 1.5 to 1.7 in. wide, petiole .25—5 in. long. eae several from one axil 2 in. long with the flowers in small lax cymes, pedicels .01. Flowers nearly .1 in. across. Calyx very small, obscurely 5-lobed. Petals very small, oblong round- tipped. Fruit on pedicels 2 in. long, three-valved, orange colour, valves ovate .3 in. long and as wide. Seed 1.
PauAnG. Sungei Jelai (Ridley 11581) ; Telom (Ridley). Perak. Gunong Batu Putih (Wray), Maxwell’s Hill (Adley). Penanc. Penang Hill (Ridley); Penara Bukit (Curtis). PaTANI, Tomoh (Machado).
Jour. Straits Branch
NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. 19
Native name “ Akar Surukop.”
This plant appears to me to be quite distinct from the Hongkong plant, the flowers of which are larger and in um- bellate cymes on the ends of branches, not as in this case in racemes of small cymes. ‘The petals are smaller and narrower, and the fruit smaller, the valves being as long as they are wide.
Microtropis valida, n. sp.
Branches stout. Leaves thickly coriaceous, shining, ellip- tic, acuminate acute, base cuneate, 3.5 to 6 in. long, 1.5 to 3 in. wide, nerves 6 to 8 pairs, slender, nervules and reticulations equally prominent on both sides, petiole thick grooved .5 in. long. Cymes stout, 3 in. long, peduncle 1.5 in. long, branches .) in., branchlets .2 in. long. Flowers clustered in threes on the end of each branchlet, .4 in. across, sessile. Sepals 4, imbricate, rounded in two unequal pairs, glabrous, coriaceous with thinner edges, the inner pair the largest. Petals connate below, lobes 4, short, broad, rounded. Stamens 4 inserted on the tube, filaments broad. Pistillode truncate.
Perak. Hermitage Hill (Curtis 1331).
Euorymus rufulus, n. sp.
Small tree with grey rather knotted branches. Leaves opposite, coriaceous, glabrous, elliptic, blunt, acuminate at both ends, base subacute, nerves about 5 pairs, invisible above, obscure beneath, midrib elevate on both sides, 1.5—4 in. long, .—.75 in. wide; petiole .25 in. long, thick, grooved. Cymes several in an axil, slender, peduncle .4 in. long, pedicels as long, about 3. Flowers dull red, .15 in. across. Sepals orbicular 5. Petals transversely rounded, oblong, minutely denticulate punc- tate. Stamens 5, very short, filaments subtriangular, flat; an- thers transversely oblong; style short.
PaHanc. Gunong Tahan at 5000 ft. alt. (Robinson and Wray 5332). Small tree, flowers dull red.
A very distinct species with more coriaceous leaves, and smaller flowers with shorter, broader petals than /#. Wrayt which is probably its nearest ally.
Salacia rubra, Lawson in Hook. fil., Flora of British India, I. 627.
Of this dubious plant collected formerly by Maingay, who had only fruiting specimens, we have now adequate material, collected in the garden jungle in Singapore by me, (No. 10164 of my collections), so I give a complete description of it.—A elimbing shrub with whitish bark. Leaves opposite, elliptic cuspidate, narrowed to the base entire, coriaceous and drying dark brown, nerves 5 to 6 pairs, faint inarching far from the
Iie Ala TSOCe, INO. Ty aligaery-
20 NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS.
margin, 3.5 in. long, 2 in. wide, petiole .2 in. long. Flowers .15 in. across in fascicles of 5 or 6, pedicels 2 in. long, slender. Calyx flat, lobes short, blunt, rugose. Petals lanceolate, ob- tuse, rather fleshy with a keel on the back. Stamens 3 from the top of the dise which is tall and fleshy; filaments short, linear recurved rather broad, anthers rounded, elliptic. Ovary quite immersed in the cise. The fruit about 1 in. through, rugose bright red.
S. verrucosa, Wight Ll. 1. 1384 (1831). his is identical with S. polyantha, orthals, Flora, XX XI (1848) 379, and is the ear- her name. It is a native of Mergui and Borneo and has been collected also at Tongkah, and Lankawi by Curtis.
S. ovalis, Lawson Lc. 627: SS. Lawsonw, King in the Materials, appears to me to be nothing more than a state of the common S. flavescens, Kurz.
S. Lobbii, Lawson, seems to be merely a form of S. Maingayt, Law- son.
Salacia Korthalsiana, Miq.; S. radula, Hassk. Pl. Jay. p. 231 (not of Don.).
A climbing shrub with rather large alternate coriaceous leaves, oblong with a short blunt point; nerves elevate beneath the 7 pairs, 7 in. long and 2.75 in. wide. Flowers in small cymes at the ends of axillary panicles with rather thick dicho- tomous branches, 1.5 in. long, including the rather long peduncle. Se} nals rounded, 5. Petals oblong, yellow, .1 im: long. Dise ae large and thick. Fruit ovoid blinit jam
SINGAPORE. Bukit Timah Road at 74 miles (/ullett 905). Also occurs in Java.
This plant has been omitted by King from the Materials. It does not appear to be common anywhere. The branches are in Javanese specimens especially dotted over with raised lenticels hence the name S. radula, but Hullett’s plant hardly shows them. ‘The long stalked inflorescence is peculiar, and gives it the appearance of a //ippocratea.
Hippocratea nigricaulis, n. sp. //. macrantha, Wing Le. 357, not of Korthals. :
Slender climber 10 to 30 feet long, stem black, rough.
Leaves coriaceous, shining, bright green, elliptic, blunt, rounded
at the base, crenulate sometimes very slightly, nerves 6 pairs,
elevate beneath, 2—5 in. g, 1.3 to 2.75 in. wide, petiole .01
in. long. Panicles 1 in. long, red puberulous. Flowers .3 in.
across, pale yellow or greenish yellow. Calyx cupular with
broad shallow teeth. Petals triangular lanceolate, minutely
puberulous, outside, quite glabrous within. Disc deep fleshy,
Jour. Straits Branch
NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. 21
glabrous with some minute hairs on the upper part. Fruit elliptic oblong of 2 carpels 3.2 in. long, .75 in. wide, thin woody striate. Seeds 2.25 in. long.
Mauacca. In forests, (Griffith). SELANGOR. Rawang Camphor forest (Ridley). Perak. Larut Hills (Acunstler 7570, 5118). Penane. Government Hill (ii%dley). Bur- MAH. Assam. Duffla Hills (King’s collector 83). BENGAL, Chittagong (Laster).
This plant was referred by King to H. macrantha, Worth. Verh. Nat. Gesch. 187 t. 39 which. plant is undoubtedly the same thing as 77. Cumingu, Laws. Flor. Brit. Ind. I. p. 624. Korthal’s figure and a specimen from him in Herb. Kew clearly represent the river-bank plant known as //. Cumingi. The black rugose stem, crenate leaves very variable in size, red pubescent inflorescence, absence of hairs on the petals and larger fruit distinguish 7. nigricaulis, Worth. readily from the true Hf. macrantha.
H. macrantha, Korth. is not rare in the south of the Malay Penin- sula, Borneo and the Philippines. ‘There is a specimen from the Hookerian Herbarium at Kew labelled Ceylon collected by Colonel Walker. It does not seem to have been met with in Ceylon again and the specimen was perhaps from Singapore where also Colonel Walker collected. It occurs on the banks of tidal rivers and is called Akar Bintang by the Malays from its yellow star-shaped flowers.
H. ferruginea, King. An examination of the type plant of Salacia ae ‘Lawson Fl. Brit. Ind. [..628, shows that this plant collected by Griffith in Malacca is no Salacia at all but Hippocratea ferruginea, King.
RHAMNACEAE.
Ventilago. The species of this genus have been very much con- fused in the Flora of British India and in King’s Materials for a Flora of the Malay Peninsula, and the whole genus confined to the Indo-Malayan region with outliers in China and For- mosa requires revision. The type of the genus is V. madras- patana, Gaertn. a native of India as far as “Mergui. Tt has not heen met with apparently in Java, for the plants so identified belong to a distinct species. V. calyculata, Tul. has much the same “distribution, but occurs also in Siam and Cochinchina. Its curious yellow fruits covered half way by the cupshaped calyx and entirely pubescent distinguish it readily.
Ventilago leiocarpa, Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. V. 77; Fl. Hong- kongensis was described shortly from plants from Hongkong collected by Champion, some of Griffith’s Malacca plants and
R. A. Soc., No. 75, 1917.
22
NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS.
a West African plant collected by Barter. All these separate gatherings belong to distinct species, which merely have in common “the covering of the nut half way up by the calyx. It seems probable that Bentham first em ployed the name leiocarpa for the Hongkong plant and for that it had better be kept. It has nearly entire small leaves, branches quite glabrous, flowers in cymes of 3, axillary in the axils of full-sized leaves; the fruit has the nut covered for a quarter of its length only by the cupshaped calyx and its wing is shghtly narrowed towards the base and acute at the tip.
V. malaccensis, n. sp. V. levocarpa, Benth. in part. (Malacca
specimens ).
A big climber, branchlets velvety pubescent. Leaves ellip- tic acuminate, rather abruptly and bluntly, base shortly nar- rowed; edge bluntly serrate, 2.5 to 3.5 in. long, 1.25 to 2 in. wide, thinly coriaceous, drying dark brown, nerves 4—8 pairs, prominent beneath, faint and sunk above, petiole pubescent thick grooved .2 in. long. Flowers in compact axillary cymes of about 12 or more, and about .15 across on slender pubescent branches with small leaves about 1 in. long soon caducous so that the branches eventually appear as panicles often over 6 in. long. Bracts ovate acute, pubescent, pedicels .1 in. long, gla- brous. Buds flattened at top, bluntly 4-angled, glabrous. Calyx campanulate, lobes 5, triangular acute, glabrous with a keel on the inner face near the tip. Petals much smaller, spathulate bilobed, lobes rounded. Stamens a little longer, filament slender, ‘anthers small. Ovary immersed in dise, hairy. Styles 2. Nut globose, covered half way by the calyx, .2 1n., Wing oblong linear blunt, glabrous, not narrowed at the base, 2 in. ‘long, i in. wide.
SINGAPORE. (Cantley 190). . Matacca. (Maimgay 1669, 1148 406, 408, 16V0: “Grefith ie iui (Kunstler 3461, 7644), Batang Padang district (Kunstler 7750). Punane. Chalet (Curtis). Borneo. Rejang (Ha- viland 2863).
There is a considerable amount of variation in specimens as to size of leaves, amount of serrulation and development of panicle. Some specimens have small but well developed leaves on the slender branches which bear the flowers, but these are never as large as the stem-leaves and appear to fall off very soon. In many specimens I see no trace of these leaves, so that the whole inflorescence forms a panicle with numerous branches bearing the small scattered cymes. Occasionally the branchlets appear to be glabrous.
V. gracilis, Rolfe and Merrill, is apparently closely allied but the flowers are pubescent. [ am very doubtful about V. lucens, Miq. of Sumatra. The description is hardly adequate and the only specimen I have seen in Herb. Kew has rather
Jour. Straits Branch
NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. 23
stiffy coriaceous leaves not narrowed to the petiole but with a short rounded point like a small form of V. Maingayi.
y. gladiata, Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. t. 314, C.
Leaves lanceolate acuminate, narrowed to the base, mem- branous, minutely serrulate and minutely pustulate on the back, nerves 6 pairs, slender elevate beneath, transverse nervules not seen, 2.6—3 in. long, 1—1.1 in. wide, petiole .15 all glab- rous. Inflorescence axillary racemes the cymes very small and few flowered, rhachis puberulous. Flowers unknown. Fruit glabrous, pedicel 1 in. long, nut .2 in. globose enclosed in the calyx cup tor # its length, wing lanceolate narrowed to the base and acute at, the tip, 2.5 in. long, .4 in. wide.
Perak. Sungei Larut (Wray 2276). Distrib. Cambodia.
V. oblongifolia, Bl. Bijdr. 1144; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. 1. 640. Smythea macrocarpu, var. pubescens, King.
A stout liane with membranous lanceolate acuminate acute leaves, base rounded serrate, glabrous on both sides or tomen- tose beneath, nerves 7 to 9 pairs, strongly elevate beneath, 4 to 4.5 in. long, 1.5 to 1.75 in. wide; petiole .1 in. or less. In- florescence axillary or terminal, thachis rather stout, tomentose ; branches + in. long with distant cymes of several flowers. Fruit glabrous, nut .2 in. long, ovoid: calyx not enclosing it: wing limear oblong obtuse twisted at the base 3.1 in. long, .5 Me wide.
SELANGOR. Batu Caves (fidley 13349). PERAK. Waterfall hill (Wray 2211, Scortechint).
Distrib. Java and Philippines.
Smythea pacifica, Seem. Bonplandia, 1861. 255. Sm. reticulata, King, Mat. l.c. 881. Berchemia trichantha, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Supp. 331.
This plant seems to be distributed over the sea shores from the South of the Peninsula, from SINGAPORE, Serangoon (feadley 9151), Bajau (3592a), Toas (6379), Jororn, Scu- darniver (i220) ana Konto (1917) to Penane, Pulau Jerajak (Curtis 2424) and also Pulau Sangian. BoRNEO, Timoriaur, Aru, New GUINEA and PHILIPPINES to the Prat ISLANDS,
AMPELIDACEAE.
Vitis pyrrodasys, n. comb. Cissus pyrrhodasys, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 517 is in King’s Materials, put as a synonym of V. adnata, Wall. Cat. It seems to be abundantly distinct in its dense red tomentum covering the stem and the backs of
Rk. A. Soc., No. 75, 1917,
24
NEW AND BARE MALAYAN PLANTS.
the leaves, V. adnata, Wall. having only a thin rusty pubes- cence in place of it. I have not seen it from the Malay Penin- sula. *
V. glaberrima, Wall. in Roxb. Hl. Ind. (ed. Carey Il. 476) as
given as a synonym of V. hastata, Miq. by King on the ground that Wallich distributed a mixture of this and. another species
which he described as V. cerasiformis, Teysm. var. Wallichu ial that the description agrees with V. hastata, Miq. Care- fully reading the description however I find that 1¢ does not apply at all to the Hie species but it is a good description of the plant King describes as V. cerasiformis var. Wallichu. It seems to be a very distinct species and not very common. The fruit is by no means large.
V. hastata, Miq. is a common and conspicuous plant in Singapore,
and occurs in Pahang at Pekan, in Malacca, Selangor, Province Wellesley, Perak and Lankawi, also in Sumatra and Borneo. It is easily recognised by its square-winged stem, almost white and succulent, and bright red tendrils. The flowers in moder- ately large cymes with “red tinted peduncles, have a cup-shaped entire calyx of a pale green. ‘The petals are oblong thick and shoe-shaped, excavate, “reddish outside with a darker red spot at the tip, widely expanded i in flower. The filaments narrowed upwards are green, anthers short, oblong, yellowish edged red. The -dise is flat, rather thick with wavy margins, orange colour. ‘The ovary immersed in it is pale green, the style stout and shorter than the stamens with a capitate yellow stigma. ‘The flowers have a faint scent of cowslips. ‘The fruit small and black. The glaucous stems and red tendrils with the red tinted flowers give it quite a pleasing appearance.
Vitis (Tetrastigma) Curtisii, n. sp.
Stem smooth, black, terete. Leaves trifoliate; leaflets coriaceous, glabrous, entire, obovate cuspidate, narrowed to the base, nerves about 8 pairs, nervules and reticulations as prominent, 2.5 to 3.6 in. long, 1.3 to 1.9 in. wide, petiolules .2 in. long, median one .4. Petiole .6 in. Cymes numerous .3 in. long, graceful, spreading, compound, puberulous. Flowers .1 in. long, pedicels as long. Calyx very short, cup-shaped. Petals abla apex incurved fleshy, 4. Stamens ‘shorter ; fila- ments broad linear. Ovary globose, free. Stigma large, conic, lobed.
PENANG. Government Hill, close to Gun Hill (Curtis 3363).
Vitis polystachya, Wall. Cat. 6028.
King and Planchon both say “in part; ” but the type is a single specimen from herb, Finlayson. V. mitida, Lawson
Jour. Straits Branch
NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. 25
from Penang is the same. V. polythyrsa, Miq. a much more slender plant does not occur in the Malay Pe a at all; nor does V. thyrsiflora, Mig. which resembles /— polystachya, but is very thickly tomentose instead of being aoe elabrous beneath the leaves. All the specimens put “under these two species quoted by IXing, which I have seen, are V. polystachya,
Wall.
V. capillaris, n. sp.
Slender vine; stem arachnoid hairy. Leaves compound, petiole 1.75 long, base thickened and red hairy, leaflets mem- branous, central one elliptic lanceolate rather abruptly nar- rowed to a broad or acute mucronate point 2.5 in. long, 1 in. wide, petiolule short red hairy, lateral petiolules .3 in. long, blade hairy trifohate, uppermost leaflet biggest, lanceolate acu- minate, laterals oblique narrowed to base, sparsely toothed on the outer edge, nerves 3—4 pairs, slender, hairy beneath, .6— 1.5 in. long, .4—.9 in. wide. Peduncle 4 in. long, slender pubescent, panicle 2.75 in. long, branches .5 in. long or less, all pubescent, lower ones branched again. Flowers distichous, 05 in. sessile. Calyx cup-shaped, obscurely 4-toothed, gla- brous. Petals 4, oblong. Ovary conic, style conie, stout.
Borneo. Sarawak (Beccart, 748).
Nearest to V. polythyrsa, Mig. but much more slender, much less hairy, leaves thinner, leaflets fewer-nerved and toothed and more oblique.
V. pterisanthella, n. sp.
A slender yine nearly completely glabrous except the 1- florescence. Leaves trifoliate, membranous, petiole 1.2—2 in. long, leaflets thin, elliptic acuminate nearly entire with about three short obscure veh towards the apex, narrowed at the base, median elliptic lanceolate, laterals with an oblique rounded base, nerves very fine and inconspicuous, 6 pairs, median 2.75—4 in. long, 1.2—2 in. wide; petiolule .4—.6 in. long; laterals smaller; petiolule .2, a few red hairs at the base of the petiolules. Inflorescence very slender, 3.5 in. long, peduncle nearly 3, bearing a slender tendril 1.5 in. long and sometimes twining itself. Spikes few, about 7, .4 in. “long, pubescent, rhachis at base flattened broadly and narrowed to tip. Flowers distichous, pubescent, .05 in. long, sessile. Calyx lobes ovate, subacute. Petals 4, much larger, puberulous out- side. Stamens 4, anthers large, oblong, filaments short. Ovary subglobose with a thick conic style, glabrous.
BorNEO. Sarawak; Siul (fidley).
i collected this very curious vine in September 1905 in the forests on the Siul Hill near Kuching. It seems most nearly allied to V. capillaris, Ridl., but is very peculiar in the
As SOC ENON Wom LOT.
NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS.
rhachis of the branches of the inflorescence being flattened as in Pterisanthes and the flowers distichous on the edge. It has the peduncular tendril of Pterisanthes which however occurs also in species of Ampelocissus and on the whole seems a connecting link between Pterisanthes and Ampelocissus.
Pterisanthes Dalhcusiae, Planch
This species was described by Planchon from a specimen from ‘ Indes Orientales ? Lady Dalhousie in herb. Delessert ex herb. Graham 1846.” As no species of the genus has been met with except in the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago it is as he suggests improbable that it came from India. The des- cription given is very short but it apples very fairly well to a plant collected by Mr. Curtis in Penang except that the leaves are smaller. Planchon gives no measurements of his specimen unfortunately, but says that they are much smaller than those of P. cissoides, “ 3—4 cent. de long sur 3—1 cent. de large.”
I do not quite understand the passage. In the herbarium of Kew is a coloured drawing of a plant evidently this, of unknown origin from “ Prince of Wales Island.” Lady Dal- housie we know did collect in Penang.
Leea saxatilis, n. sp.
A low herbaceous plant. Leaves pinnate, petiole 18 in. long to 3 feet, smooth, red, leafy portion 12 in. or more, rhachis when young sparsely hairy, leaflets 9, oblong lanceolate acu- minate with a long acute point, base rounded. shghtly oblique, terminal one larger narrowed to base, serrate or biserrate, sub- membranous above, glabrous with an elevate midrib beneath, the nerves 12—13 pairs elevate slender hairy tomentose, ner- vules and reticulations conspicuous, 4—7 in. long, 2 in. wide; terminal one 7 in. long, 2.6 in, wide; petiolules lowest .6 in., median .4, terminal 1 in. long. Flowers in a dense capitulum
fea ne through ona peduncle hairy .5 to 1.5 in. long, dull red,
small elobose. Bracts ovate acuminate hairy. Calyx thin, 5- lobed mucronate hairy. Petals as long, oblong obtuse, glabrous, calyptrate. Stamens with filaments long, anthers large oblong, urceolus with blunt rounded lobes. Fruit dull red, dry ellip- tic, depressed, .3 in. across, 5-lobed on a peduncle 3 in. long and a cyme of 1 in.
SELANGOR. On limestone rocks at the base of the Batu caves, (Ridley 305, 8260); also Panane on the Tahan river and at Kuala Dipang in Perak and Lankawi (Kepa).
SAPINDACEAE.
Allophyllus scandens, n. sp.
A woody climbing shrub with cinnamon brown bark densely covered with paler lenticels, glabrous except the very
Jour. Straits Branch
NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. 27
young parts and inflorescence which are puberulous. Leaves trifohate, petiole thick 1.75 in. long, leaflets coriaceous, obo- vate, narrowed to the base, apex shortly blunt acuminate, entire, nerves about 8—10 pairs conspicuous though slender beneath, midrib moderately stout, +—6 in. long, 2—3 in. wide, the median leaflets biggest, petiolules .2—.3 in. long. In- florescence extra-axillary, peduncle 1—1.5 in. long, stout, deci- duously puberulous, racemes usually 2 (occasionally only one, rarely 3) widely divaricate 1—1.5 in. long, usually unequal, rhachis pubescent. Flowers numerous, crowded small on pedi- eels longer than themselves, glabrous. Bracts minute, acu- minate. Sepals glabrous, suborbicular, imbricate. Petals shorter, claw and bifid limb glabrous, scale silky. Fruit un- known.
Sincarore. Bukit Panjang, chmbing on trees in swam- py forest (Ridley). eas Mt. Gading, Lundu (Hav- land 987), Baram (Hose 123
In spite of the number of species of Allophyllus described more or less insufficiently by Blume and Radlkofer I can find no description of any species that fits this; but it seems to be nearest to A. tumorensis, Bl.
ANACARDIACEAE.
Gluta virosa, nh. sp.
A large branching tree 50 to 70 ft. tall. eaves coriaceous lanceolate 9 in. long, 2.75 in. wide, acuminate at both ends blunt, nerves about 18 pairs slightly raised beneath, reticula- tions small fine conspicuous ; petiole 2 im. long. Panicles in the terminal axils short. Calyx tube red spathaceous, ie Wd. long, spht on one side. Petals twice as long, linear oblong, white. Ovary pubescent. Fruit obovoid, smooth, hght brown, fleshy, 2.5 in. to 4 or 5 in. long.
SELANGOR. Rantau Panjang (Ridley). PERAK. Gu- nong Pondok (Kunstler). Penance. Telok Bahang (Curtis 3005), and Penara Bukit (Curtis 1527), Moniots Road (hid-
ley). Native name ““Rengas Kerbau Jalang,” 7.e. Buffalo on the warpath, on account of its poisonous character.
T have seen no good flowers of this plant though it does not seem to be rare. Some of the specimens I at first thought were Gl. Wrayt, King, but having seen good specimens of that species at Kew, I am now sure it is a distinct species. Malay collectors are very shy of gathering specimens of any of the Rengas plants, Gluta and Melanorrhea, as they are apt to be poisoned by them.
R. A. Soc., No. 75, 1917.
NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS.
LEGUMINOSAE.
Bauhinia monticola, n. sp.
A slender glabrescent clumber. Leaves ovate deltoid, tip acuminate very shortly bifid or entire, coriaceous olabrous, nerves 7, 2—2.5 in. lon ig, 1.5—2 in. w ide, petiole 1 in. long. Racemes short 1—2 in. long lax glabrous or nearly so. Pedicels long slender 1.5 in. long sparsely hairy. Bracts minute cadu- cous. Buds ovoid. Calyx tube cylindric .4 in. long red, ap- pressed hairy; lobes ov ate .3. in. long hairy. Petals oblong obtuse, conspicuously vemed when dry, sparsely hairy on the back, claw .1 in. long, blade .7 in. long, .5 in. wide. Stamens very short hairy at base. Ovary stalked, cylindric red-hairy on the sutures, .2 in. long. Style almost half as long, hairy on the upper edge. Stigma large peltate.
SELANGOR. Gunong Menkuang at 5000 ft. (Robinson). PERAK. Gunong Kerbau, 4500—5500 ft. (Robinson).
This plant is certainly alhed to B. Kingw, Prain, for which I at first mistook it and to B. cornifolia, Bak. but it has much larger flowers than either of these species. The flowers are apparently red. It belongs to the big set of showy Bau- hinias which with their masses of yellow “How ers turning red, make such a magnfiicent show in our forests, a group very characteristic of the Malay Peninsula for few of them seem to occur elsewhere.
Bauhinia holosericea, n. sp.
A big climber, branches, petioles and inflorescence densely red velvety. Leaves coriaceous, orbicular cordate, entire or retuse at the tip, nerves 7 or 9 elevated beneath, glabrous above, densely red velvety beneath on the nerves and reticulations, less so on the rest of the surface, 2—2.5 in. long, 2.4—3 in. wide, petiole 1.25 in. long. Panicles of a few stout axillary and terminal racemes from 2.5 lengthening to 5 in. long, the bran- ches with numerous distinct elevated scars where the flowers have fallen, densely red, velvety. Bracts lanceolate acuminate, .l in. long. Pedicels slender .6 in. long. Buds ovate acute with a shorter tube. ‘Calyx tube cylindric, dilate at base, .2 in. long, lobes oblong 2 in. long, hairy. Petals oblong, rather short clawed, very red hairy 8 in. long, .2 in. wide, apparent- ly red. Stamens fertile, 3, glabrous. Ovary hairy all over. Style about as long, slender, glabrous. Stigma peltate. Pod woody, firm, .8 in. long, 2.5 in. wide, oblong blunt, slightly narrowed at the tip. Seeds flat orbicular 1.1 in. long.
Perak. Forests at Temengoh (/idley 14674).
This also belongs to the same group as the last, but seems distinct from any species in its very velvety stem, round leaves, and thick velvety racemes of which the rhachis is rough with
Jour. Straits Branch
NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. 29
the short processes from the base of the pedicel scars. ‘The panicles are mostly really reduced to simple racemes, but occasionally have one or two branches.
Crudia lanceolata, n. sp.
A glabrous tree. Leaves with a rhachis 1.5 in. long; leaf- lets 3, subcoriaceous lanceolate or ovate acuminate obtuse, base rounded, quite glabrous, nerves fine 7 pairs, reticulations conspicuous beneath, drying grey 3.5—9.75 in. long, 1.5 in. wide, petiole .1 in. long thick. Raceme about 6 in. long, fairly stout, puberulous. Flowers distant, .38 in. across, on pedicels .3 in. long puberulous. Calyx tube short puberulous, lobes oblong reflexed puberulous outside, glabrous inside. Sta- mens elabrous.: Ovary dense pale, w oolly, stalk very short.
Kepau. Lankawi; Gunong Rayah, (lohamed Haniff).
This is allied to C. gracilis, Prain, but the leaves are lanceolate. The sepals, pedicels and rachis are pubescent, and the flowers are distinctly pedicelled.
ROSACEAE.
Parastemon spicatum, n. sp.
A glabrous shrub. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic, abrupt caudate acuminate, blunt, base long narrowed, nerves 6 pairs, 2.9 to 2.75 im. long, 1 in. wide, petiole .15 in. long. ‘Spike axillary 3.5 in. long shortly peduncled with many very small sessile flowers. Bracts linear oblong. Calyx tube short cam- panulate, interior pubescent. Petals 0. Stamens 2 glabrous, from the edge of the tube.
BoRNEO. Sarawak, Rejang, Sibu, (/aviland and C. Hose 3240); and 2 miles from Kuching (//aviland 723).
This species differs from the only other one, P. urophyl- lum, in its being a shrub, (whereas the other is a large stout tree) and in its flowers being sessile.
Parinarium rubiginosum, n. sp. P. costatum var. rubiginosum, nidleime dour He MES: Mus. iv. 143.
A tree about 20 ft. tall, the branches rather thick and when young covered with velvety yellowish tomentum. Leaves stiffly coriaceous, ovate lanceolate, acuminate, base rounded, glabrous above, beneath pale reddish, woolly, nerves strongly elevated about 20 pairs, midrib strong beneath, " depressed shght- ly above, 3.5—4 in. long, 1.25—-1.75 in. wide, petiole red-w oolly .2 in. long. Panicles .5 in. long densely red woolly. Flowers few hardly .2 in. long. Bracts ovate acute woolly and hairy on the back. Calyx tube funnel-shaped deep woolly red out- side, densely villous with long hairs inside, teeth ov ae acute. Petals a little longer white oblanceolate rounded, edges pubes-
R. A. Soc., No. 75, 1917.
30
NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS.
cent. Stamens much shorter than sepals glabrous. Style very short with the ovary densely villous. Stigma discoid.
_Pananc. Gunong Tahan in woods across the Teku (Ridley).
The indumentum and short racemes and more coriaceous — leaves are so different in this plant from those of true P. costatum that I consider it advisable to separate it specifically, though it is certainly allied to that species.
Pygeum coriifolium, n. sp.
Small tree, leaves coriaceous elliptic shortly blunt and acuminate, base very shortly narrowed, glabrous, nerves in- visible above prominent beneath distant 5 pairs, midrib very prominent, reticulations invisible, 6 in. long 3.5 in. wide, petiole 5 in. long. Racemes solitary axillary 3 in. long, pedi- cels very short, ‘puberulous. Calyx tube campanulate, pubes- cent, lobes 6 unequal, ovate acute pubescent, inside of tube glabrous. Petals 0. Stamens with filaments long, rather thick, 20. Style stout, shorter. Stigma clubbed, flattened,
ovary short, globose, hairy.
Perak. Temengoh and Iertai rivers; in forests (Rid- ley).
Alhed to P. parviflorum, 'Teysm. but the leaves are larger
and rather more fleshy, with distant and fewer nerves. The raceme is almost a spike, solitary, very short.
SAXIFRAGACEAE.
Polyosma grandis, n. sp.
A tree 40 to 50 feet tall with spreading branches. Stem 1.5—2 ft. through. Leaves membranous drying black, ovate elliptic, cuspidate, acuminate, base cuneate, margins denti- culate, glabrous except the midrib and prominent 12 pairs of nerves beneath, secondary nerves nearly as prominent 6—7 in. long, 3—4 in. wide, petiole stout .5 long, flattened, pubes- cent. ‘Raceme 6 in. long , peduncle 1 in. long, flattened, pubes- cent. Buds narrow cylindric blunt, pedicels. ‘Lin. long, pubes- cent. Calyx-tube cylindric, lobes broad, ovate, acute as long as the tube. Petals subglabrous, narrow, linear, sparsely vil- lous inside. Stamens shorter, filaments villous.
Perak. Larut Hills at 3500 to 4000 ft. (Acunstler 3802). Flowers white, base greenish.
This plant was referred by King to P. integrifolia, Bl. but is clearly very distinct from that species and is most
closely allied to P. ilicifolia, Bl. but from this it differs in its large size and very large ovate elliptic leaves and thick petals.
Jour, Straits Branch
NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. 31
Polyosma conocarpa, n. sp. P. mutabilis, King in part.
Tree 20—30 feet tall, young parts appressed, hairy. Leaves membranous, elliptic lanceolate, acuminate, long nar- rowed to base, quite ‘entire, glabrous, nerves about 8 pairs, con- spicuous beneath inarching well within the margin, 3.5—6 in. long 1.25—2 in. wide, petiole .2 in. long appressed and hairy when young. Raceme 5 in. long appressed hairy. Flowers white, scattered or in little groups; pedicels .1 in. in fruit .2 in. Calyx tube campanulate, hairy, teeth very small, subacute. Petals linear .2 in. long sparsely hairy outside, villous in- side. Stamens ao as ‘long. Fruit conoid, truncate strongly +-ribbed when dry, .25 in. across at base, narrowing upwards.
SINGAPORE. a fallich ~8472)2- Puram Warut Hills (Kunstler), Birch’s Hill (Wray). Nepan. Lankawi, Gu- nong Raya (Mohamed Hanif). Sumarra. Padang at Ayer Mantjur (Beccari 524). Forests up to 1000 ft. Flowers scented like privet.
This is quite different from Blume’s P. mutabilis of Java in the fruit, which resembles that of P. velutina, Bl. as figured in Koorder’s and Valenton’s Boomsorten.
P. glaucescens, hn. sp.
A small tree-20—30 feet tall, or shrub. Leaves elliptic to lanceolate acute, base narrow ed, thick, coriaceous, glabrous beneath, nerves very obscure 3—3.5 in. long, 1.75 to 1.5 in. wide, petiole 1 in. long. Raceme pubescent 2.5—3 in. long. Flowers crowded .2 in. long. Buds ahlonas dilate at base. Calyx very short funnel-shaped, lobes acute spreading, pubes- cent. Petals oblong, blunt, sparsely strigose outside, densely villous at tip inside. Stamens shorter.
PAHANG. Gunong Tahan (2obinson 5388, 5493; Ridley 16260): on the Padang and on Skeat’s ridge (Ridley 16018, EGO19,):.
I origmally referred this to varieties intermedia and lanceolata “of King’s P. coriacea, but on closely examining it conclude it to be ‘specifically distinct not only in the fohage, the leaves being thicker with very inconspicuous nerves, and usually glaucous beneath, but with shorter, broader flowers less pubescent and dilate at the base. The leaves vary in form somewhat, perhaps according to the amount of exposure on these rocky ridges and growth of the plant.
P. fragrans, Benn. Pl. Jay. Rar. 196; [tea fragrans, Wall. 8472. The only plants of this I have seen are those collected by Wallich in SrnGapore (mixed unfortunately with P. Wallichi from Khasia distributed under the next number in many
distributions by accident) and one which appears the same collected in PERAK without locality by Scortechini. In Hayi-
ie Ao Cr, NOs 10; 2917,
32 | NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS.
land’s SARAWAK collections are two plants I take to be this, though the flowers are rather smaller .15 in. long. Dr. Havi-
9
land notes ‘ “Ovary 2-celled, 3 in one case, sev eral ovuled.’
They were obtained at Kuching (Haviland 944 and 1886). |
Polyosma velutina, Bl. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. I. 261.
To this species King refers a plant which occurs in Perak at Goping and in Larut (Kunstler), the DrnprNes, Bruas (fidley) and in PENANG on Penang Hill and at Balik Pulau (Curtis 1165) with bright yellowish ereen leaves, like those of P. laelevirens. He had not seen specimens of Blume’s plant, nor have I seen types of Blume’s plant. But I have not seen anvthing like King’s species from Java; and the plant identified with ee velutina, Bl. by IXoorders and Valeton (Boomsorten Pl. 195) and distributed as this plant No. 24404b is entirely different, and belongs to the section of Polyosma with membranous and black drying leaves. I conclude there- fore that King’s P. velutina cannot be Blume’s plant and give the name of P. flavovirens to it. Blume’s description of P. velutina is short; but the only species I have seen from Java with velvety leaves is the above mentioned plant from Koor- ders’ collections and one from Zollinger No. 886: and these agree with Blume’s description as far as it goes. It bas mem- branous black drying leaves densely fuscous velvety beneath and curiously angled branches. The fruit is ovoid and .2 in. long in these specimens. Specimens collected at Kuching in Sarawak by Haviland (No. 2914) seem identical.
Polyosma fasciculata, n. sp.
Leaves sub-coriaceous, elliptic sparsely toothed along the edge, base blunt and shortly narrowed, tip subacute, quite glabrous, nerves 6 to 10 pairs branched at the tip, rather obscure and not elevate, +—6 in. long thick. Spikes rather slender 6 in. long puberulous. Flowers numerous, .4 in. long, sessile, fascicled in groups of 2—4 or 5. Buds evlindric blunt very sparsely puberulous. Bracts hairy acute. Calyx tube very short sub-companulate, lobes ovate acute spreading. Petals rather broad in proportion to length, sparsely villous inside. Stamens a little shorter.
KepaH. Gunong Jerai (Ridley 5219).
King refers this dubiously to P. coriacea, King, but it seems to me in its small very sparsely hairy flowers much more nearly allied to P. Scortechinti a very little known plant which has however quite entire leaves and distinct pedicels to the flowers. The flowers in this species are not evenly scat- tered over the rachis, but clustered together in small lots.
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NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. 33
Polyosma pisocarpa, n. sp.
Stem pale not angled; young parts velvety hairy. Leaves stiffly coriaceous elliptic, acute or obovate blunt, nerves fine about 12 pairs very irregular faint on both sides, glabrous ex- cept at first the midrib slightly hairy, 3—4 in. long, 1.5—1.75 in. wide, petiole .5 in. long rather stout sometimes pubescent. Raceme 6—7 in. long dense many flowered pubescent. Flowers green, pedicels stout much longer than calyx, hairy. Calyx tube campanulate, lobes triangular acute. Petals .35 in. long sparingly pubescent linear subacute villous inside. Stamens distinctly shorter. Style very slender. Fruit pea-shaped elobose, .2 in. long, glabrous “blue” on pedicels slender, gla- brous, .2 in. long. Seed smooth globular.
Borneo. Sarawak at Kuching and between it and San- tubong (/laviland, 2911, 2912, 2913, 1464, 1988).
This species in nearest P. corvacea, King, but it has longer flowers on longer pedicels. ‘The small pea-shaped blue fruit is peculiar. The raceme long and dense. ‘The leaves as Haviland points out are of two forms, in one lanceolate and acuminate, in the other obovate and retuse, but there are more or less intermediate forms on the different specimens and in other respects the plants are the same.
HAMAMELIDACEAE.
Rhodoleia ovalifolia, n. sp.
A big shrub up to 10 feet tall with thick branches, the young parts densely red- hairy. Leaves, young lanceolate acute hase acuminate, older 4 to 6 in. long 1.5 to 2 in. wide, rigidly coriaceous OV ate with a rounded subcordate base, apex acute, at first red-scurfy beneath later becoming white-glaucous, nerves strongly elevate 6—8 pairs with some “of the secondary nerves nearly as strongly elevate both nerves and reticulations de- pressed on the upper surface, 4—4.5 in. long, 2.5 in. wide, petiole at first densely velvety, later glabrous. Capitula solitary but often numerous axillary on the ends of the branches, one inch across. Peduncles thick decurved red, hairy. Bracts rounded, red, velvety, much larger than in R. Teysmanm. Petals narrow linear spathulate round at tip, .) in. long, .1 in. wide, shorter than the stamens. Filaments (5) ide long, anthers ‘oblong. Capsule .5 in. long, densely red-hairy.
Pananc. Gunong Tahan (Robinson, Ridley).
This is the third described species of the genus. One species Rhodoleia Champiom of Hongkong, a shrub, nas flowers as large as this, but the petals are much broader, and the plant is much more glabrous. &. Teysmanni of Sumatra and of the mountains of the Malay Peninsula-is a tree. It is
R. A. Soe., No. 75, 1917.
34
NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS.
nearly glabrous, and the leaves are all lanceolate or oblong, capitula smaller, and fruit smaller all glabrous except a little pubescence on the bracts. f. ovalifolia is remarkable for the dense red velvety hair covering the shoots, peduncles, bracts and fruit. The leaves in kh obinson’s flowering speci- mens are much the shape of those of Rk. Teysmanm but more acuminate the nerves hardly more visible, but the midrib is red-scurfy. In the fruiting plants the leaves are quite differ- ent; they are remarkably coriaceous with the nerves depressed above and strongly elevate beneath. At first these leaves are red beneath w ith a deciduous red scurf; but this at last dis- appears and the leaves appear nearly white beneath. ‘There is a certain amount of variation in the leaves of R. Teysmanni but nothing at all like this. The capitula densely red-hairy, are as big as those of R. Champions or nearly so but the petals are quite as narrow as those of Rk. Teysmanm.
SAMYDACEAE.
Casearia albicans, Wall.
There has been a considerable amount of confusion about this species which requires clearing up. In Wallich’s Her- barium are three sheets of plants under the number 3197, labell- ed 319%, 3197.2, 3197.3. The only one labelled C. albicans is 3197.3 from Penang; and it appears to be C. esculenta, Roxb. No. 3197.2 from Singapore is in fruit, and seems also to be Cs esculenta, No. 3197.3 from Penang, is identical with an- other plant No. 7432; and this is probably the plant described by King as C. albicans, Wallich. It has no name in Wallich’s Herbarium, and is not the same as the plant so named by Wallich. It, therefore, being a distinct plant, requires a name. I call it C. latifolia. I have collected the plant my- self on the side of the track to West Hill in Penang. What Clarke called C. albicans in the Flora of British India, King has already altered to C. Clarker. No specimens of it occur at all in Wallich’s Herbarium.
Casearia velutinosa, n. sp.
A shrub. Branches velvety, flexuous. Leaves thinly cori- aceous, oblong to ovate, abruptly acuminate, base rounded or shortly narrowed, nerves 12 pairs ascending prominent beneath and depressed above, glabrous above, soft, tomentose beneath, 6—10 in. long, 3—4 in. wide, petiole tomentose .2 in. long. Glomeruli .15 in. across. Flowers .1 in. wide. Sepals 5, imbricate, pubescent, suborbicular oblong, hairy outside. Petals 0. Stamens 10, glabrous, anthers small, forming a tube with the spathulate oblong hairy staminodes. Ovary conic, glabrous. Stigma large, capitate.
Jour. Straits Branch
NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. 35
Perak. Gunong Keledang (Ridley). Drinpines. Lu- mut and Bruas (Ridley).
Alhed to C. latifolia, Ridl., but differing in the very tomentose branches, backs of leaves and _ petioles.
Homalium spathulatum, n. sp.
A glabrous tree. Leaves thinly coriaceous, elliptic acu- minate, tip blunt, base narrowed, entire or undulate on the edge; nerves about 7 pairs, very fine and rather obscure, as are the reticulations, shining, + in. long, 1.5 in. wide; petiole 2 in long. Racemes axillary, simple, 3 in. long, tomentose, slender. Flowers numerous, not clustered, subsessile .2 in. across. Calyx-tube funnel-shaped, tomentose .1 in. long; lobes very narrow linear, 10, edged with long white hairs. Petals 10, a little longer, linear spathulate. Stamens shorter, 2 opposite each petal. Glands villous. Styles 3, glabrous.
Dinpines. Pangkor (Curtis 1370).
This differs from: HW. myrianthum, Bak. in Kew Bull. 1896, p. 23, of Sandakan in the panicled racemes, funnel- shaped calyx and nearly sessile flowers.
BEGONIACEAE.
Begonia phoeniogramma, n. sp. 4. paupercula, Ridl. in Journ. Roy. As. Soc. Straits Branch, 54, p. 42, not of King. This httle plant I find, on seeing the co-type of King’s B. paupercula in Herb. Kew, is not the species he intended, I therefore give it the above name which refers to the red stripes on the small flowers. It was formerly very common on the path leading up to the Batu Caves, Selangor; but at my last visit | noticed that it had become scarce owing to a series of steps having been made up the slope where it grew. I have seen it nowhere else.
Begonia tricornis, n. sp. 6. Roxvburghu, Ridl. in Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus. iv. 20, not of DC. ‘This plant is really more near allied to B. inflata, Clarke, of the Himalayas, but is distinct from all species of the section. It is the only one in the Malay Peninsula of the section Casparya, (with pulpy 3-angled not winged green fruit).
Begonia longicaulis, n. sp.
Stem elongated, red, with internodes 2.5 in. long, glab- rous. Leaves ovate cuspidate, base deeply cordate, very un- equal, 3 in. long, 2.5 in. wide; petiole 4—6 in. lone. Stipules persistent, oblong with a terminal setiform process, 1.1 in. long, .2 in. wide. Peduncle 6 in, long, with 2 terminal flowers on .
Rk. A. Soe., No. 75, 1917,
36
NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS.
peduncles 1 in. long. Flowers pinkish-white. Sepals of male flowers broad ovate rounded, .75 in. long and as wide; petals oblong-lanceolate, blunt, .3 in. wide. Stamens in a globose head on a short stalk.
Perak. Gunong Kerbau (Robinson)... PAHANG. Gu- nong Tahan (Ridley).
This plant is rather puzzling. It seems closely allied to B. venusta, King, with which species it occurred ; but instead of having a creeping rhizome with leaves and peduncles arising clirectly ‘from it, it has long erect stems with long internodes and large stipules with a long-setaceous point. In this, except for the form of the stipules which have no seta, it resembles Bb. megaptera. I cannot distinguish King’s B. megapteroidea from 6B. venusta. Is it possible that this plant sometimes develops a caulescent stem, and that it is a form or state of B. venusta? The specimens are neither very complete.
Begonia eiromischa, n. sp.
Rhizome short, stout. Leaves fleshy, obliquely reniform peltate, acuminate, dark green, glabrous 3—3.5 in. long and as wide, nerves 7: petiole 2—3 in. long, with dense thick red wool. "Peduncles glabrous, red, about 5 in. long. Flowers on two branches, small, .5 in. across, rose pink. Male sepals 2, broad, orbicular, rounded. Petals very narrow, linear. Style of female flower trifid; branches bifid. Capsule .6 in. long lateral wings very short, posterior rather thin, broad,
oblong, rounded .3 in. long and as wide.
PENANG. Pulau Butong (Curtis 1028),
I have seen specimens of this and a good coloured draw- ing made in the Penang Gardens. It is undoubtedly near B. THasskarl, but ditters ‘conspicuously in the woolly stalk of the leaf. In the drawing the fruits are figured as equally 3 angled and bright red ; pethaps they were not ripe wnen drawn.
Begonia rhoephila, n. sp.
Rhizome stout, creeping, 1 in. long. Leaves nearly or quite glabrous, lanceolate, erect, caudate- acuminate, base decur- rent on the petiole, : sparsely distantly toothed, apex closely toothed, nerves 4 pairs, often hhemny on the underside, midrib always hairy with appressed hairs, 5—6 in. wide, petiole 1.5—4 in. long, glabrous or hairy. Peduncle 1—2 in. long in flower, stouter and up to 12 in. in fruit, glabrous. Flowers few, short pedicelled white tinted on the back or all pink. Sepals of the male flower oblong-ovate, .3 in. long, .2 in. wide. Petals narrower, oblong. Stamens numerous, anthers oblong, api- culate as long as the free filaments. Female flowers 5-petalled.
Jour. Straits Branch
NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. 37
Capsule 1.1 in. across, .5 in. long; lateral wings blunt, trian- eular ;_ posterior .75 in. long, .3 in. wide, oblong rounded, thick ribbed.
SeLANGorR. Ulu Gombak, on rocks in the stream (Rid- ley).
This belongs to the jungle stream set of Begonias with narrow lanceolate leaves hardly or not lobed or unequal at the base, viz. B. Kunstleriana (B. Scortechinn) and B. perak- ensis, King. ‘The latter has the leaves rounded. The former has them narrowed but not decurrent on the petiole as in rhoephila and very hairy. I take B. Scorlechinu, King, of unknown locality to be a narrow leaved form of 5, K unstler- wna,
ARALIACEAE.
Schefflera, Forst. This genus was made by Forster for two
species of plants, one from New Zealand and the other from Fiji. Later the genus Heptapleurum was founded by Gaert- ner, to which a considerable number of Asiatic species were
attributed. The difference between the two genera is how-
ever, too slight to warrant their being kept distinct and Harms in the Pflanzenfamilien has placed the H eptapleurums under the earlier name Schefffera, in which I follow him, excluding however, the genus Brassaia which appears to me sufficiently distinct. It may however, be found necessary to separate from Schefflera such abnormal plants as S. (/7.) Wray, with race- mose not umbellate flowers; and I am rather dubious of the following new species which has the number of stamens double that of the perianth lobes and ovary cells.
Schefflera polyandra, n. sp.
Leaves digitate; petiole 9 in. long; leaflets 5, oblanceolate or oblong lanceolate acuminate, blunt, base narrowed, edge serrate, coriaceous, glabrous, smooth, nerves 7% pairs faint, reticulations faintly visible beneath, 6 in. long, 1.25 to 1.75 in. wide, petiolule 1.3 in. long. Panicle 5 in. long, branchlets © In. long, umbels of 4—5 flowers ; pedicels .2 in. ‘long , stout. Calyx campanulate, edge thin, truncate, entire .1 in. long. Petals shorter, ovate, 5. Stamens 14 to 16; anther as long as filament. Style conic, cylindric. Ovary 8-celled.
Perak. Gunong Keledang (Ridley 9763).
Arthrophyllum pinnatum, Clarke. Under this name in King’s
R.
Materials two plants have been combined, one the true a
pmnatum of the Penang Hills. The other a smaller plant
with many more smaller leaflets and smaller flowers, A. alter- mifolium Maingay, MS. a native of Mt. Ophir,
A. Soc:., No. 75, 1917,
38
NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS.
Arthrophyllum lancifolium, n. sp.
Tree. Branchlets slender, angled, yellow, glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, lanceolate caudate at the tip, acuminate at both ends, edge crenulate, undulate, midrib winged on both sides, nerves and reticulations fine, 3—3.5 in. long, 1—1.5 in. wide; petiole 1—2 in. long only .3 in.; uppermost leaves jointed with the stem. Umbels 4—5, on short pedicels .4 in. long. Flowers 10—13 in an umbel, .05 in. long. Calyx short campanulate; mb undulate, not toothed. Petals 5, calyp- trate valvate, oblong, connate at the tip. Stamens 5; anthers oblong, connate at the tip. Stamens 5; anthers oblong, longer than the filament. Style columnar, stout. Ovary 1-celled.
Perak. Ulu Batang Padang, at 4.900 feet (Wray 128).
In the Kew Herbarium a sheet of this is written up by King as Mastiaia gracilis, King, but the description of that species (based on a plant collected in Perak at 3,900 feet by Wray No. 1528) does not apply to the plant at all well, especially in the length of the petiole is given as .2—.25 in. long, and the inflorescence as cymose. ‘This plant has um- bellate inflorescence much resembling that of A. alternifolium and is clearly an Araliaceous plant.
Brassaia singaporensis, n. sp.
Leaves digitate, peticle over 6 in. long, base widely dilate ; leaflets 15, stiffly coriaceous, oblong ovate, blunt,, rounded at both ends, 83—4 in. long, 1.75 in.—2.5 in. wide; petiolules 1.5 in. long. Panicle 18 in. long, stout; branches 1.5 in. long, thick, bearing heads of about 10 sessile flowers .5 in. through. Bracts 4, ovate, acuminate, longer than the calyx-tube. Calyx very short, margins undulate. Corolla calyptrate rounded, coriaceous. Petals connate 5. Stamens 9 to 12, filaments short, anthers oblong linear. Stigma subsessile conic.
Srncapore. Bukit Timah (Ridley 8061).
When dry this plant resembles much 5. actinophylla, Br. of Australia and the flowers are as big, but the leaves are quite different in form and size. ‘The genus consists of four or five species ranging from Sumatra through New Guinea to Australia.
Jour. Straits Branch
JOURNAL, STRAITS BRANCH, R. A. S. (1917). PLATE Wai.
ae oe
—= EE
ee to
—=-
F~ pe LaMarRe ORR S.
CHATOMYIA FLAVA.
Photo-engraved & printed at the Offices of the Survey of India, Calcutta, 1917.
A curious adaptation of habit to its environment of a Malayan mosquito.
Bye Ce SRRICIGUAND, «MAS eaBeC. Travelling Medical Entomologist, Ff. M. 8.
During a recent visit to the Gap, on the Selangor-Pahang boundary, which is at 2,800 feet, I observed a curious and interest- ing fact in the life of mosquito which seems worthy of record.
This mosquito, kindly identified for me by Dr. Stanton as Chaetomyua (Leicesterw) flava, Leicester, which had been caught in the resthouse and was kept in a test- tube, was observed to have attached to a hind-leg a mass which until closer examination, seemed to be one of those Cerutopogon which have a habit of attaching themselves to mosquitoes to suck out their body-juices. On ex- amination however with a microscope it proved to be an ova-mass, and what was very interesting, from each ovum the head of a young larva was sticking out, the ‘whole thing looking lke a miniature nest of young sparrows.
The mosquito was introduced to a bottle in which was some water, when it immediately flew down to the water and dipped its hind-leg methodically into it. Immediately all the larvae came out of the ova-mass and swam away as livelily as a crowd of child- ren coming out of school on a holiday.
On two occasions I observed this phenomenon and on another I caught a specimen of the mosquito with the ova-mass on its leg from which all the larvae had gone.
I think it seems clear that the mosquito ovideposits on its own lee and that the phenomenon represents a device by which the mosquito is enabled to deposit its larvae in collections of water which are inaccessible to it for ordinary deposition; perhaps in bamboos, or in the leafy axils of plants like common Hadi OF Wiebe Oe A may be to save the eggs from some danger which they might incur if they were laid on water.
T am much indebted to Mr. de la Mare Norris of the Agri- cultural Department, F. M.S., for the drawing which is given.
1. Leicester in his monograph on Culiczdae of Malaya 1908 says that he has found the adult larvae in bamboos and in coconut shells lying in the jungle.
Jour, Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 75, 1917,
Elaeocarpus Barnardiil, a new Species described from Perak.
By lis Jal, Isang:
The Elaeocarps are abundant in the Malay Peninsula and are on the whole very much of one type: to this type Elaeocarpus Bar- nardii in general conforms.
It occurs close to Taiping at low elevations: and it is there known by the name Jiha. It is a tree with reddish chestnut bark on the branches, and with relatively small somewhat crowded obovate bright green smooth leaves, the margins of which are slightly and distantly toothed. The flowers are of average size, and, as is always the case in the genus, face earthwards along horizontal racemes. ‘The fruits are of a deep blue.
The affinity seems to be to Hlaeocarpus cuneatus, Wight, a widely spread tree of India, which southwards reaches Tenasserim,
Hlaeocarpus Barnardw, inter Diceras HL. cuneato, Wight, affi- nis: differt praecipue ovario et putamine.
Arbor, ramorum cortice castaneo vel rufo-castaneo. Folia obovata, apice obtusa, minopere acuminata, glabra, obscure 7—8- dentata, acl 8) Game longa, ad 4 cm. lata, sed pleraque fere dimidio minora ; nervi laterales 5 6, inter quos 2 vel 3 basales ad originem in pagina inferiori domatiam ferent: petiolus ad 3 cm. longus. Racemi 12—20-flori, vel foliis breviores vel aequantes vel paulluio longiores. Flores Dicerarum. Sepala linearia, 6 mm. longa. Petala obeuneata supra mediam laciniata, sepalis aequilonga. Stamina, plus minusve 20, 3 mm. longa; antherae apice barbatae, 2 mm. longae. Ovariwm 3-loculare, pubescens. Mructus olivaeformis, ad 2 em. longus vel paullulo longior, putamine laevi.
PERAK. Haud procul ab oppido Taiping collegit H. B. F.
Barnard, cum floribus mense Februario, cum fructu immaturo mense Martio, etiamque cum fructu sed maturo mense Januario.
Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soe., No. 75, 1917.
i
Notes on Dipterocarps. 1. The Seedling of Anisoptera costata, Korth.
By fT. BH. Burxitn,
Fig. 1. Flower seen from below, x 2}.
It is proposed to clear the way for a general review of the Malayan Dipterocarps by a series of short papers, of which this is the first. It deals with the seedling of Anisoptera costata, Korthals.
Anisoptera costata is a tall forest tree wild in the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, where two individuals flowered freely at the commencement of April, 1916, producing with new foliage, panicles of pendent white flowers from the ends of the branches. The shape of the flower is given above (fig. 1): the corolla does not fall.
The seeds from this flowering ripened about the end of June: and when they fell, a leaf-fall occurred, followed by a more abundant production of new leaves than had been the case when the flowers appeared.
The seeds germinated at once, lying on the ground. In germination the radicle is extruded, curves earthwards, and anchors itself; then the cotyledons are pulled out of the capsule by the straightening of the hypocotyl. The process is seen in progress in Figs. 2 and 5 below.
Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 75, 1917.
44 NOTES ON DIPTEROCARBPS.
sm.col.
lea C.jrace
Z ~t.col. | Eig. 2. Seedling at the time when Fig. 3. Seedling at the time when the cotyledons have just been with- the whorl of leaves is expanding. drawn from the capsule. J. cot. larger 1 pair the two larger of the four _ cotyledon; sz. cot. lesser cotyledon. leaves.
The figures show how unequal are the two cotyledons: the larger is markedly four-ridged on the back (figs. 2, 3, and 5): the lesser is only obscurely four-ridged and is sagittate-reniform is outline. This inequality though very evident in Anisoptera, is yet greater in some other genera of the order, e.g. Dryobalanops.
During germination the petiole of the cotyledons elongates only a little. Brandis and Gilg, in Engler’s Pflanzenfamilien, IIT. 6, (1895) p. 242, from very imperfect knowledge stated that great elongation is a character of the order, an error due to familiarity with the genus Dipterocarpus, where it occurs, and want of knowledge of other genera.
In several if not all of the species of Dipterocarpus, the coty- ledons do not function as green leaves in the nourishment of the seedling and are not drawn out of the capsule. But in Anisoptera costata as well as in other genera the seedlings are greatly injured, if the withdrawing is prevented, or if they do not reach the hght: for instance if the capsules are buried under the surface of the ground, so that the cotyledons are imprisoned, the seedlings in Anisoptera either die or languish; while the seedlings of Shorea, of several species at least, under the same circumstances dle.
The cotyledons when they have been freed, and as the hypocotyl completes its straightening, part and come to stand more or less horizontally (fig. 6). Then from between them, the shoot pushes out and bears four leaves in a whorl. These leaves are to be seen in figure 3 with their faces folded together. The fifth leaf and all
Jour. Straits Branch
NOTES ON DIPTEROCARBS. 45
which follow are solitary. The four leaves of the whorl were fully developed in September, t.e. at three months and the fifth leaf generally in December or January, 1.e. at six months.
Fig. 4. Seedling a the time of the unfolding of the
r ul fifth leaf: Cot. Scar, 4 of. Scars the scar whence
the cotyledons have fallen is seen below.
og
It is of particular interest that among the four leaves, in. equality is found, that two are commonly larger than the others,— two which are not opposite, but contiguous, being those over the - lesser cotyledon (fig. 6). The inequality is already obvious before the leaf-blades have expanded, and persists through life (figs. 7, and 8); but is sometimes very slight (figs. 9 and 10).
Fig. 5. The seedling as the cotyledons Fig 6. Seedling as the leaves of the Separate, seen obliquely from above : whor! separate, seen from above ; /. fazr, l. cot. larger cotyledon ; sv. cot. lesser larger pair of leaves. cotyledon.
k. A. Soc., No. 75, 1917,
46 NOTES ON DIPTEROCARPS.
The inequality of the cotyledons is apparently connected with the way in which they are packed in the seed. A compromise has been made in them there between fleshiness for the storage of food, and surface for assimilation later, resulting in extension beyond the diameter of the seed and in a rolling of the embryo on itself which places one cotyledon outside the other: and probably therefrom comes their inequality ; but why the inequality should be repeated in the whorl which succeeds the cotyledons is not evident. Shoreas have
Fig. 7. above. The whorl of leaves expanded, showing the inequality: J. pair, the larger pair ; and
Fig. 8. below. The whorl and the fifth leaf, seen from above.
Jour. Straits Branch
NOTES ON DIPTEROCARPS. 47
more simple equal cotyledons and the first two leaves are equal. Shorea cotyledons are sagittately bilobed, and the first leaves are paired: but Anisoptera cotyledons are four ridged, and the first
Figs. 9 and 10. Two cases in which the leaves of the whorl diff red from each other in very little.
leaves are in a whorl of four. In both genera with the next leaf, the alternate condition sets in which persists through life.
There is no important difference in the microscopic structure of the petiole of a leaf of the whorl and of the fifth leaf: both in section about the middle exhibit (see fig. 11) a ring of normal cortex enclosing a ring of sclerenchyma within which 1s phloem and xylem, and an included bundle with the xylem towards the face of the leaf as drawn. Associated with the largest xylem vessels are resin ducts to the number of five. Close Inter the blade,
Corfe.
Sele, bhloem
-xylem
PF canal
Fig. 11. Petiole in transverse section. Scler., sclerenchyma; and r. Canai, resin canal.
Rp AL SOC. NOnaio LOMigt
48 NOTES ON DI°TEROCARPS,
through that part of the petiole which is a pulvinus, the scleren- echyma-is wanting, while the ring of bundles is a little irregular’ and the cortex is thicker. Such changes are of course connected with the mobihty required of the pulvinus: they take place in the petioles of the whorl in the same way as in the fifth leaf. And there is nothing further peculiar about these whorled leaves beyond the circumstances of their association and their inequality.
Compared with the adult leaves, they are of course much smaller, up to 8.2 cm. long by 4.1 cm. wide, and the vascular ele- ments in the petiole, etc., in the large leaves are altered by the in- creased number of groups of larger xylem vessels in the ring, and by the space within this ring being completely occupied by a com- plex of bundles with much sclerenchyma. At the pulvinus the sclerenchyma is interrupted, and the ring somewhat irregularly broken up. But beyond the pulvinus, in the midrib of the leaf, the included bundles form up into orderly lnes in coneent.ic semi- circles, which get less in numbers of their parts until near the tip of the leaf a condition is reached closely resembling the condition found in the petiole of the seedling leaves.
Brandis (in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xxxi, 1895, p. 20) suggest- ed sectioning the pulvinus for the study of generic characters; but the middle of the petiole promises more.
(OY)
Jour. Straits Branch
Some Rare Words.
Kutaha; nakas; turap; teterapan; kop; biram; ganteh; Seri Menanti.
By R. O. WINSTEDT.
KuranHa. Inthe Hikayat Raja-raja Pasai (No. 66, March, 1914, of
aa this Journal) there occurs a word ol several times (pp. 30,
35, 39,41). Obviously from the contexts it is an interrogative particle. Mr. Mead romanized it wrongly #étah: it is found fully pointed in vowels—hutaha—in one of the 6 old Malay MSS. in the Cambridge University Library; vide p. 38 of Dr eh. Sa van Ronkel’s ‘ Account’ of those MSS. in the “ Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van N. I. 6¢ Vol. Il.” “ Briefly ” he observes, “ after apa, mana, and ada- kah, this interrogative is seldom wanting,” in those MSS. He suggests it may be compared with the Sundanese kutan.
Naxkas. On p. 31 of Mr. Mead’s transliteration of the same work
there occurs a word ae mengenakan sangga nakas bépér-
mata. This word occurs also in a passage from the Bustanu’s- salatin quoted by a Javanese scholar, Raden Dr. Hoesein Djajadiningrat on p. 570 of the “ Tijdschrift van het Bata- viaasch Genootschap, deel LVIT, afl. 6.” Batu puteh di-ukir pelbagm warna dan nakas dan sélimpat dan témbosa dan mega
ae : : ae 5 : arak-arakan. IKlinkert gives it as ul It is possibly
motive in art,—where figures face one another perhaps: and derived from the Arabic naks. i
Turap. In Perak painted wicker-work panelling for houses is called tépas bérturap. In Achinese turab means to do masonry. Turap occurs several times in the aforesaid passage from the Bustanw’s-salatin :—di-sist. gunong itu kandang baginda dan
dewal kandang itu di-turap déngan batu puteh:........s8a- pohon nyvur gading bérgélar Sérbat Jinuri di-tambak déngan batu bérturap CCMOOM ODUM, ees ai: jambangan batu_ ber-
turap. In one passage a variant MS. gives di-téram for di- fwrap; and in the same context as the above sentences occurs dan ada-lah dewal yang di-dalam itu bértétérapan batu puteh
Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 75, 1917,
50 SOME RARE WARDS
bélazuardi pérbuatan orang bénua Turki. There is also a keris tétérapan, which Walk neon translates ‘a creese with a groove running up the blade’: but keris terapang means ‘a creese with a sheath covered with metal,’ and in Achinese tér- apan 1s ‘a metal envelope. W ilkinson is certainly right in his explanation of turap, which must mean ‘ to dress, plaster, line’ His Dictionary says, “ Covering; plastering; lining; giving a surface (of a different material) to anything, as a coat is lined or as a table is covered with ereen baize: ”—I cannot state the authority for his instances. And perhaps
teterapan is connected with turap.
Kop ‘the cupola of the howdah of an elephant; Hikayat Marong Mahawangsa Wilkinson. In Achinese khob means “ to cover with a dome, a cupola.” And the same passage from the Bustanu’s-salatin has dan pintu-nya méngadap ka-tstana, dan perbuatan pintu-nya itu bérkop; di-atas kop itu batu di-per- buat sapert biram berkélopak dan bérkémunchakkan dari-pada sangga pelinggam.” Kop means anv kind of * dome, cupola.’
BrramM. Wilkirson gives this word as meaning only ‘ elephant.’ In the passage quoted under kop, it means ‘a mythical snake with a head at both ends,—a meaning it bears also in Achinese; a ring in the form of such a snake being called unchién tu mpa biram. This meaning of the words explains chinchin patah biram, a Malay ‘ puzzle- -ring ’—vide p. 89 ‘ Circumstances of Malay Life” by myself.
GANTEH. In the folk-tales of Séri Rama and Awang Sulong oceurs the lines
Anjong perak, gémala ganti Bératap tila bérdinding kacha.
For ganti we should read ganteh, which means, ‘ thick in the centre, of pillars; barrel-shaped; round’ On p. 46 of Mr. Wilkinson’s Séri MWénanti occurs kérbau bungkal ganteh ra-itu bulat wjong tandok-nya, nee a! jatoh bungkal-nya tétapt bérganti balek (App. B. 5) and on p. 4% Mungkal ganteh tiang tangga kéchil di- oe di-bawah. ‘These two quota- tions corroborate the meaning given, except that hadang- kadang jatoh bungkal-nya tétapi ber ganti balek has been added by some Malay philologist, to whom the real meaning of ganteh was unknown.
Serr Menanti. The name of the seat of H. H. the Yamtuan of Negri Sembilan is explained by Malays as a place where the early settlers found rice of the kind called séri awaiting them. I would suggest that it is more probable it is a name reminis- cent of séri ménganti (= ménanti) the ‘ waiting-hall’ in the palace of Javanese princes.
Jour. Straits Branch
The Malay Rice Cycle.
By R. O. WINSTEDT.
In Kedah there is a phrase bértému kop for the ‘completion of a cycle of years.’ It is pretty certain that kop is derived through the Siamese ‘ab from the Pali kappa, which in turn is the $ Sanskrit kalpa. It is used by Hindus and Buddhists to express an aeon during which the physical universe is destroyed. In Malay, it is applied to a cycle of a few years, generally to the 12 vear cycle of the rice pawang, the years of which are designated by animal names. The cycle is common to Siamese, Cambodians, Chinese and Japanese. But both the word kop and the Malay names for the animals are from the Siamese and not from the Cambodian. The Cambodian form is kalba = kalpa, and the Cambodian words for the animals are more remote from the Malay words, while the Siamese words are almost identical :—
Malay Siamese Cambodian chuat chuot chut chalu chalu chhlou kan khan khal tau tho thoh marong marong roung maseng MASENG meésan mama mamia moma mameh mama momeé wauk wok woc raku raka roka chaw cho cha hun kun kor
The evele is not known to the Mons.
This settles the problem discussed by Mr. Shaw on p. 7. of his paper on ‘Rice Planting” The linguistic evidence proves con- clusively that the cycle was borrowed directly from the Siamese, who in turn may have borrowed from the Cambodians.
Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 75, 1917.
The Teaching of Malay in Europe.
By R. O. WINSsTEDT.
It is commonly held that the best place to learn an Oriental language is in the country where it is spoken. To that facile con- tention Sir Charles Lyall gave an admirably considered answer in a memorandum addressed to the committee appointed in 190% to consider the organisation of oriental studies in London. “In the first place, it is not the view which has dictated the establishment of the flourishing schools established by our commercial rivals in rermany and France. These natiors have been quick to perecive the advantages of providing, in their own country, centres where persons intending to make a career for themselves in Asia may prepare themselves for their task; and, so far as Germany is con- cerned, it is generally admitted that they have been strikingly successful. In trade, it is found that German agents, owing to their knowledge of the languages and the habits and customs of the East gained at home, are lable to outstrip their English com- petitors even in our own dominions. The amount of trade which is carried on between India and the nations of continental Europe 1S Immense and growimg; and in this expansion it is scarcely open to doubt that the Germans owe much of their advantage to the training which they receive in Oriental methods in their own country. Secondly, much time is lost by persons, who defer until they land in the East the commencement of the study of Oriental subjects. Europeans require, in order to overcome the initial difficulties presented by Oriental languages, the guidance and assis- tance of Europeans who have already encountered and surmounted those difficulties. The genius of Oriental speech is so different from that of European languages that a student, if left to his un- assisted efforts, is likely to waste both time and labour in approach- ing his task. Moreover, so far as my experience goes, the art of teaching is little understood in the East. The ordinary munsho of India, at any rate, does not understand how his pupil’s in- telligence should be directed or stimulated, on what points stress should be laid, how differences of idiom between the two languages should be explained and other like matters which make the dif- ference between good teaching and bad.” And then Sir Charles Lyall goes on to lay stress upon the personal influence of a Kuro- pean teacher as compared with a munshi; and again, on the value of European libraries with their stores of comparative literature. Every one of his points is corroborated by our experience in the Malay Peninsula,
Jour. Straits Branch
THE TRHACHING OF MALAY IN EUROPE 53
sefore the same committee the late Lord Cromer expressed the view that almost as important as instruction in language 1s instruction in “ Oriental history, in religion, in all the social customs and the things that cluster round religion.”
The result of the recommendations of the committee was the establishment of the School of Oriental Studies at Finsbury Circus, which was opened by His Majesty the King-Emperor in February Gil). On the faculty is a Weeturer im Malay, and Mr. Blagden, late of the Straits Settlements Civil Service, has been appointed first Lecturer,
The Report of the Committee has been published as an official blue-book and affords very profitable reading to all interested in Oriental languages. Sir Frank Swettenham is quoted as favouring preliminary training in England for six months or a year for cadets 1m our civil service. Sir eck Clementi Smith, also gave evidence, especially on the study of Chinese. Mr. Addis, joint manager of the Hongkong and Shangkai Bank gave evidence of the value of Chinese im commercial circles and the rarity of the self-denial re- quired to master the drudgery of learning it in men once launched on business careers abroad: Mr. Ray writes a memorandum on the study of Melanesian languages.
The Report gives brief accounts of the instruction provided in Malay at Paris Ane Leiden.
Mr. Blagden has published the curriculum at Paris in Journal 50. of September 1908, and I have nothing to add to his account, except that the Pancha- Tandaran and Chérita Jénaka are now text-books, for pupils in their first year and that ‘ Papers on Malay Subjects, Skeat’s ‘ Magic, Wilkinson’s ‘ Dictionary’? and my own ‘Malay Grammar’ are books consulted. In 1906-1907 there were 24 regular students of Malay at the Ecole Spéciale des Langues Orientales Vivantes.
At Leiden are taught (a) a general knowledge of the Indone- sian languages, (0) Malay, e) Jiawranese. (d) Old Javanese, (@) Sundanese, ‘(f) Madurese, ‘(q) Minangkabau (/) Batak. Synop- tical lessons are given in history, religion, geography and ethno- graphy, especially “Hor students destined for ‘the Dutch colonial civil service. The courses in Malay are designed for
(1) candidates for the administrative civil service of the Dutch East Indies
(11) doctors of law who desire to become magistrates in the Dutch East Indies
(11) candidates for the degree of Doctor of Languages and Literatures of the fast Indian Arc shipelago.
For students in groups (1) and (11) a practical knowledge of Malay is the aim of the course; for students in (iii) a more pro- found comparative study of Malay and the general linguistics of the Indian Archipelago.
R. A. Soc., No, 75, 1917.
54 THE TEACHING OF MALAY IN EUROPE
The School of Oriental Studies in London is designed “ to give instruction in the languages of Eastern and African peoples, Ancient and Modern, and in the Literature, History, Religion and Customs of those peoples, especially with a view to the needs of persons about to proceed to the East or to Africa for the pursuit of study and research, commerce or a profession.” Special inter- collegiate arrangements with the London School of Economics will be made for instruction in the sociology and anthropology of the less civilized races. Inter-collegiate arrangements will also be made for instruction i phonetics : and modern phonetic methods will be used to facilitate the acquirement of correct pronunciation.
It is to be hoped that large local commercial firms and estates will recognise the value of preliminary instruction in Malay for young men embarking on careers in the Malay Peninsula; a value fully recognised by prominent business men acquainted with colonial needs. Cadets, too, might well spend the few months they pass in England between their selection for the service and their departure for the East in attending the School. For such students elementary practical teaching is provided. I had the pleasure of reading Mr. Blagden’s opening lecture and can attest its illuminat- ing simplicity. But, it is hoped that an advanced course also may he wanted. The library, the comparative method of teaching, the lectures on Arabic and Sanskrit at the same School would all be profitable to any man, on leave in London, who might desire to perfect his knowledge Malay linguistics, ‘literature and history.
Sanskrit and Pali and India must alw avs be to us what Malay and Javanese and the Dutch Indies are to Holland; but it is high time that some of us at least should get to know the best that is ‘written about things Malayan, to recognise that there is a best, a standard of scholarship, in Malay studies. For those, who have that ambi- tion, I can say confidently that a course of the lectures provided will dispel the hallowed notion that the highest authority on Malay matters is a kampong elder.
Jour. Straits Branch
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[No, 76]
JOURNAL
of the
Straits Branch
of the
Royal Asiatic Society
August, 1917
SINGAPORH: PRINTED AT THE METHODIST PUBLISHING HOUSE 1917.
Diet, Nutrition and Exeretion of the Asiatic Races in Singapore.
No. 1, Medical Students.
By J. ARGYLL CAMPBELL.
Introduction.
This research was undertaken in order to supply the local medical students with necessary information. Up to a short time _ ago the physiology of diet, nutrition and excretion which was placed before these students, was that of an European. The facts and figures which hold for an European are far from the truth when applied to an Asiatic. The results published in this paper have been obtained during the six months from October, 1916, to March, 1917, and although they are not considered to be more than an introduction to the subject they do form a basis to work upon when dealing with local Asiatic patients, whereas the Huropean figures are certainly misleading. It is the intention of the author ‘to continue this research for an indefinite period employing re- presentatives of all classes and of all races of the community. ‘These results apply to individuals leading sedentary lives similar to that of a medical student.
Technique.
There are Tamils, Malays, Chinese, Brahmins and Eurasians ‘at the Medical School. One Tamil, one Chinese, and one Brahmin representative have been under observation every Monday, Wednes- day and Friday for six months. A Malay has been employed for ‘only two weeks. He partakes of the same diet as the Tamil. His results although few in number are interesting in that they con- firm the results obtained from the Tamil. Results obtained at random from many other medical students confirm the results obtained from the students who have been under observation for six months.
The Tamil and Malay representatives live in the school hostel. ‘The Chinese and the Brahmin live in their own homes. The Chinese, Brahmin and Tamil are senior students and rank amongst the most successful at the school. They have been demonstrators and class assistants for over a year. The author is indebted to them for their faithful co-operation.
Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 76, 1917.
\
58 DIET, NUTRITION AND EXCRETION
In all cases the food eaten is that of the student’s choice. The daily diet varies slightly in quality. It does vary considerably in quantity. The food was weighed just before it was eaten. The compositions of the foods and their heat values have been taken from standard books on the subject (1).
For estimations of the kidney excretions care was taken to: preserve the twenty-four hour specimens by the addition of 2 ce. of a 5 per cent. solution of Thymol in chloroform. This is a matter of importance to doctors in Malaya. Ammoniacal fermen- tation proceeds very rapidly in this climate if the preservative is. not added. The methods of quantitative analyses employed are those described by Cramer (2). Some of these methods are not as accurate as they might be, but they are employed in most. hospitals because the results obtained are quite accurate enough from a clinical point of view.
On one or two occasions one or other of the representatives. was indisposed for a day or two. No observations were made until health was restored.
Diet and Nutrition.
Chinese.—The maximum diet taken by the Chinese in twenty- four hours gives a heat value of 2131 kilocalories. It consists of bread 45 grammes, condensed milk 42, boiled rice 798, flour 128, pork 77, chicken 32, fish 50, cabbage 10, bananas 112. His. minimum diet for twenty four hours gives a heat value of 1141 kilocalories. It consists of boiled rice 524 grammes, egg 40, pork 37, beans 14, chicken 51, flour 53, fish 21, cabbag ge 14, oruel 65, ving, average diet for six months consists of protein 60 grammes, fat 43, carbohydrate 227, which gives 1577 kilocalories (Table I1). This student weighs 92 lbs. and is 20 years of age. He has lost a small amount of weight during the experiment. Examination of his. kidney excretion shows that he metabolises 57.8 grammes of the protein eaten, so that he uses most of the food he eats.
Tamil.—The maximum diet taken by the Tamil in 24 hours elves 1847 lilocalories, his minimum diet 1519. The former con- sists of bread 116 grammes, butter 14, bananas 112, cake 112, cocoa 14, beef 21, mutton 98, boiled rice 448, ege 70, sugar 14. The minimum diet consists of bread 120 grammes, butter 6, bananas 67, fish 118, beans 154, boiled rice 504, cake 56, eggs 90, sugar 14, cocoa 14. This student lived on this diet for. SIX mone Bat estimations were made during three months of this period. The average diet for the three months gives 1672 kilocalories and con- - tains 58 grammes of protein, 32 of fat and 277 of carbohydrate (Tal ble Il). The examination of his kidney excretion shows that he metabolises 51.5 grammes of protein, so that he does not use all of the food he eats. He is 26 years of age and weighs 143 lbs.
Malay.—This student partook of the same diet as the Tamil’s. for six months. He has only been under observation for two weeks.
Jour. Straits Branch.
DIET, NUTRITION AND EXCRETION 59
His average diet for this period contains 57 grammes of protein, 31 of fat and 239 of carbohydrate, the heat value being 1502 kilo- calories (Table Il). His kidney excretion shows that he meta- bolises 50 grammes of the protein of his food. He weighs 125 lbs. and is 18 years of age. His religion does not allow him to eat pork otherwise he has a free choice.
Brahmin.—The maximum diet taken by this student gives 2922 kilocalories, the minimum 2175. The maximum diet consists of wheat 96 grammes, lentils 107, rice (weighed uncooked) 350, butter 76, sugar 14, milk 448; the minimum diet consists of wheat 63 grammes, onions 49, butter 90, beans 126, lentils 140, rice 198, sugar 14, milk 336. The average diet contains 83 grammes of protein, 68 of fat and 371 of carbohydrate (Table FT): Judging from his kidney excretion this student metabolises only half of his protein food, namely 41.5 grammes. The other half is simply wasted. It is well known that many vegetarians partake of such bulky and indigestible foods that absorption is interfered with. This student is a strict vegetarian; Brahmins are not allowed to take any animal food except milk. His average daily diet has a heat value of 2493 (Table II) but it is evident that he uses a good deal less than this since only half of the protein food is aoe used by his body. He weighs 110 lbs. and is 21 years of age. He has not altered appreciably in weight during the six months of observation.
Kidney Excretions.
Ammoma.—The total acidity of the urine cannot be accurately determined, but if the urine be neutralised by adding ~\- alkali, some indication can be obtained regarding the acidity. Since the figure thus obtained is of no known clinical importance no more need be said about it. After neutralising the urine as above, neutral formaldehyde is added. Owing to the liberation of acid which takes place when {the formaldehyde has combined with ammonia, the urine acquires Aga an acid reaction. This second acidity is titrated again with —\ alkali and this second titration is a measure of the amount of ammonia present. The average quan- tity of ammonia excreted by the Chinese is .61 gramme, by the Tamil .63, by the Malay .66 and by the Brahmin .57. An Euro- pean excretes about .7 gramme (Table I). The smaller quantity of. ammonia excreted by the Asiatic is due to the fact that he eats a larger proportion of vegetables than the European. Vegetable foods are very rich in bases which unite with the acids of the blood and thus a smaller quantity of ammonia is required from the tissues in order to keep the blood alkaline. Ammonia formation is the physiological remedy for deficiency of bases and is excessive in certain diseases, e¢.g., acidosis.
‘Chloride-—This is estimated by Volhard’s method in which all the chlorides are precipitated with an excess of standard silver
R. A. Soc., No. 76, 1917.
60
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DIET, NUTRITION: AND EXCRETION 61
nitrate; the excess of silver nitrate used is determined by adding standard solution of ammonium sulphocyanate in the presence of a ferric salt. The Chinese excretes 5.27 grammes, the T'amil 5.21, the Malay 8 and the Brahmin 6.34. An European excretes about 11 (Table I). On experimental diets individuals have been kept in good conditions when the total content in sodium chloride is reduced to 1 or 2 grammes per diem. Bunge has called attention to the fact that among men and animals the desire for salt is limited for the most part at least to those that use vegetable food. The potassium salts of the vegetable food react with the sodium chloride forming potassium chloride and a sodium salt, both of which would be. excreted by the kidney. The blood will thereby lose some of its supply of sodium chloride, whence the craving for more in the food (3).
Urea.—The method employed calculates the amount of urea by measuring the amount of nitrogen liberated from the urine by sodium hy pobromite. Doremus-Heinz ureometer is employed. This method only gives approximate results. The Chinese excretes 16 grammes per ‘diem, the Tamil 14. 41, the Malay 13.35, the Brahmin 11.08 w hereas the average figure for an European IS .o8 (Table I). It is well known ieee the amount of urea depends upon the amount of protein absorbed so that the greater the quan- tity of absorbable protein in the diet the greater the quantity of urea in the urine. About 80% of the total nitrogen in the urine is excreted in the form of urea.
Total Nitrogen.—This is estimated by Kjeldahl’s method. The Chinese excretes 9.25 grammes per diem, the Tamil 8.24, the Malay 8.0, the Brahmin 6, 64, the European figure being 16 (Table 1). It is considered - accurate to take the nitrogen excretion as an indicator of the amount of protein actually metabolised or used by the body in performing its work. Since nitrogen forms about 16% of protein, the amount of nitrogen excreted multiphed by 6.25 gives the amount of protein metabolised. The figures thus obtained are 57.8 grammes of protein for the Chinese, 51.5 for the Tamil, 50 for the Malay, 41.5 for the Brahmin and 100 for the European. We have seen that the Brahmin eats a good deal more protein than the other Asiatics (Table II), nevertheless he uses a smaller amount in metabolism, so that evidently a smaller propor- tion of the protein of his food is absorbed. This is due to its bulk and its indigestibility.
Ammonia Coefficient—This is the amount of nitrogen, ex- creted as ammonia, expressed in terms of percentage of the total nitrogen. In an European it is 3.6%, in the Chinese student 5-470, in the Tamil 6. 3%, in the Malay 6.8%, and in the Brahmin 7.1% (Rablest)*-) i 1s higher in the Asiatics than in the European because the protein intake is greatly reduced in the Asiatics so that there is a low total nitrogen excretion. Of the Asiatics the Brahmin has the highest coefficient because he excretes the smallest
R. As Soc., No. 76, 1917.
62
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DIET, NUTRITION AND EXCRETION 63
amount of nitrogen, whereas the Chinese has the lowest coefficient because he excretes the largest amount of nitrogen.
Other Researches in the Tropics.
IT am able to compare my results with those of two other ob- servers. McCay has worked on the diet and nutrition of students in Bengal. He has found that the Bengali students take a smaller proportion of protein food than the Anglo-Indian students who are attending the same college. In opposition: to Chittenden’s views he attributes the better physique and greater muscular energy of the Anglo-Indian students to this fact. The Bengali student, who averages 115 lbs. in weight eats 67 grammes of protein, only a small quantity of which is obtained from animal sources, 72 of fat and 549 of carbohydrate. This diet has a heat value of 3196 kilocalories. The Anglo-Indian student eats 95 grammes of pro- tein, a big proportion of which comes from animal sources, 56 of fat and 467 of carbohydrate. Although the Bengali eats a smaller amount of protein than the European, he is quite susceptible to kidney troubles (4). One is not justified in concluding that excess of protein is not harmful to the kidney, because there may be reasons to explain the kidney disease in the Bengali which are at present unknown. It is quite evident to physicians that the larger the amount of waste substance to be excreted by the kidney the more is the kidney taxed. In treating kidney disease there is no doubt that cutting down the protein excretion eases the kidney.
Aron (5) has made observations on Filipino students, with an average weight of about 115 lbs. They require 75 grammes of protein, 25 of fat and 510 of carbohydrate. This diet gives 2682 kilocalories (Table IT).
Commentary.
As far as my experiments go they show that the medical students of Singapore require less food than the students of Bengal and the Phillipines (Table II). -Probably this is due to the chmates. In Singapore, Calcutta and Manila, the students wear the same tropical clothes, at least during the hot seasons. There- fore we can exclude the influence of clothes. Singapore has practi- cally no seasonal change throughout the whole year; the tempera- ture varies only slightly, the mean being 80°F. At Manila in the Phillipines there is some seasonal change, the months of Novem- ber, December, January and February having a temperate climate. Bengal enjoys a winter. Again the humidity of the atmosphere is greater in Singapore than in Manila and much greater than in Calcutta. . The climatic conditions in Singapore, therefore, are more likely to prevent the body losing heat, so that less food is required to keep up the body heat. The average weight in all three cases is about the same. The Singapore students do not take much muscular exercise. This is another probable cause of their small
i. AZ Soe; No: 76, 1917.
64 DIET, NUTRITION AND EXCRETION
diet and it may be due to the climatic conditions. Europeans are not inclined to take much exercise in the Tropics but they all do so, because it is not possible to keep healthy on an European diet without regular exercise. The writer has made observations (Table I) upon his own kidney excretion, the results showing that he partakes of a diet similar to that taken by him in Scotland. He takes a good deal more exercise in Singapore than he did in Scot- land, although he always took an active interest in out-door games in the latter country. Sir Patrick Manson and others have indi- cated that even in the case of Europeans who do take active exer- cise, a diet of moderate quantity is necessary to maintain health in the Tropics, if long residence is contemplated. An excess of food materials throws too much work on the excretory organs and owing to the usual free diaphoresis, the fluids taken are insufficient to flush the kidneys properly, or to secure adequate excretion of the solid products by that channel. This inadequate excretion will in time injure all the organs (6). The smaller amount of food taken by the Singapore student may be nature’s way of counter- acting the evil effects of the climate.
Judging from McCay’s research the physique and the muscular energy deteriorate on a small amount of protein. Therefore good physique and great muscular energy are incompatible with pro- longed residence in a climate like that of Singapore. By prolonged residence is meant a generation or more.
Although the Singapore students who have been ames obser- vation do not possess the muscular energy of an European student, they have done quite as much brain work as the average European student. The author has had nine years experience with European ., students and four years experience with Singapore students. It has been shown that brain work does not require extra food; in other words, a lazy student is just as expensive to feed as an hard working student. A man doing hard mental work in Atwater’s respiration chamber gave the same results as when he was resting. Intellectual work has not been found to have any demonstrable quantitative or qualitative effect upon the metabolism of man (7).
Ranke’s standard diet for an European living a sedentary life in Europe is appended (Table I1) for purposes of comparison.
The figures obtained by examination of the Asiatic student’s kidney excretions can be explained by the fact that the Asiatic eats a smaller amount of nitrogenous or protein food than the European. It is not likely that these figures will differ very great-— ly in the hard working Asiatic coolie, because the coolie does not eat much more protein than the student, but he imereases the carbohydrate content of his diet.
Conclusions.
1. The results obtained from examination of the kidney excre- tion of local students indicate that the European figures are of no value when dealing with Asiatic patients.
Jour. Straits Branch
DIET, NUTRITION AND EXCRETION 65
2. The total nitrogen varies from 6.64 grammes in the Brah- min to 9.25 in the Chinese.
3. ‘The urea varies from 11.08 grammes in the Brahmin to 16.00 in the Chinese.
4. ‘The ammonia varies from .57 gramme in the Brahmin to .66 in the Malay.
5. The ammonia coefficient varies from 5.4% in the Chinese to 7.1 in the Brahmin.
6. The chlorides vary from 5.2 grammes in the Tamil to 8 in the Malay.
?. The Singapore student partakes of a smaller amount of food than the Philppine or Bengali student. This seems to be due directly or indirectly to the climatic conditions of Singapore.
References.
1. “A System of Diet and Dietetics.” Edited by G. A. Sutherland, 1908. ‘“‘ Food Inspection and Analysis” by Albert E. Leach, 1911. “ Text Book of Physiology ” edited by E. A. Schafer, 1898.
2. Cramer, W. “ Directions for a Practical Course in Chemi- cal Physiology,” 1915.
3. Howell. “ Text Book of Physiology,” p. 922. 1915.
4. McCay. The Philippine Journal of Science. B. Medical, Wolly Ve p. 1163. 1910.
do. Aron. The Philippine Journal of Science. B. Medical. Wolke JOY. UG0s),
6. Sutherland, G. A. “A System of Diet and Dietetics,” - p. 854. 1908. :
7. Ibid. p. 158, 1908.
8. Halliburton. “ Handbook of Physiology,” p. 579. 1909.
R. A. Soc., No. 76, 1917.
Hindustani Loan-Words in Malay.
By R. O. WINSTEDT.
In a brochure published in 1902 and entitled Hommage au Congrés des Orientalistes de Hanoi de la part du Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen there appears an article by Dr. Ph. 8S. van Ronkel on the Hindustani element in the Malay language, which escaped my notice when I compiled my “Malay Grammar” and “ English-Malay Dictionary.” As the brochure is likely to come into the hands of few English readers. I propose here to extract a list of words, for which Dr. van Ronkel finds a Hindustani derivation.
AcuiTa ‘very fine white rice. Probably the Hind. achchhat “whole, unmilled rice, used in religious offerings.’ Perhaps the Sanskrit aksyata ‘ unmilled.’
ARTAL, Harrau ‘a yellow orpiment.’? Hind. hartal (from Sanskrit haritala).
AKAs, ANGKAS ‘the firmament.’?- Hind. dka@s (Sk. akdsa).
Una ‘camel.’ Hind. wnt.
Bar, in Batavia pronounced as Bn, a title addressed to Muham- madan Bengalis. Hind. bhai ‘ brother,’
BanpDAwArti * chief treasurer” Hind. bhandari (Sk. bhandagarika).
BETI “woman of the court. Hind. béti ‘ girl,’
rsp seal’ and. chap.
CHurt ‘steal. Hind. chori. CHurRiI-cHuRI ‘by stealth’ Hind. chori-chort.
CHuKA ‘vinegar’ Hind. chtik; not directly from Sk. cukra.
CHuLIM, CHitam “a fill of opium, in an opium-pipe.’ Hind. chilam ‘that part of the body of a hookah which contains the tobacco and the flame.’
PELANGKING ‘palanquin” This is a word invented in its present form by the Portuguese. There is a Sk. word paryanka, or palyanka “a bed, from which we have Tamil and Telugu palakkow and Hind. palkhi.
KapaAs ‘cotton.’ A debased or ‘ pracritised’ form of the Sk. kar- pasa. Possibly identical with the Hind. kapas.
Kanui ‘rice broth. Hind. kanji (Sk. kafijika).
KuncuHI ‘ key, lock.” The Deccan form of the word is kunchi; the Hind. kunji; the Sk. kunjika.
Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 76, 1917.
68 HINDUSTANI LOAN-WORDS IN MALAY
Kutt ‘paid labourer” The Hind. is kali and kult but the word. may be of Dravidian origin; connected with the Tamil kili ‘ hire.’
GupANG ‘store. There is a Hind. word godan, [which may be derived. from the Anglo-Indian ‘ godown.? Probably ‘ Hob- son-Jobson’ is right in deriving it ultimately from the Dravi- dian: Telugu gidangi, Tamil kidangi ‘a place where goods. lie’ from kidu ‘ le. | ; |
Mott ‘ pearl’ is not the Tamil tin but the Hindustani moti. Wilkinson’s Dictionary has identified already Buti, CHAP, Dost, RAKAT, Roti, Gur as Hindustani.
LaGam ‘bit of a horse, which I give as Hindustani in my “ Gram- mar,” is a Hindustani loan-word in Persian, and perhaps has. been borrowed by Malay from the Persian. |
Brandstetter’s Indonesian Linguistics. Translated by C. 0. Blagden!.
REVIEWED BY R. O. WINSTEDT.
In Malacca in the year 1825, on his mother’s side from the well- known family of Neubronner, there was born van der Tuuk, who wrought a Copernican change in the study of Malay comparative philology. Malacca has been the mother of much important Malay literature, of the Séjarah Mélayu, the Hang Tuah, and the works of Munshi Abdullah: and then it was the birth-place of this great